Carol Stone, CBE

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060703e.jpg" width="353">
We&#39;ve haven&#39;t commented on the Bank of Japan&#39;s TANKAN report since December, so even though we just talked about Japan&#39;s employment data on Friday, this information bears examination promptly as well. Large manufacturing firms, the widely followed &quot;headline&quot; segment, saw business conditions in June at +21%, up 1 point from March&#39;s 20% reading (a %-balance measure: % favorable less % unfavorable). This result was just below the group&#39;s forecast of 22%. They anticipate another 21% in September.
All size firms in all industries also firmed by 1 point from March, from +5% to +6% in June. This performance met their expectations and they look to repeat the +6% in September. All large firms have been holding at 20% with a prospect for 21% in September. Medium-sized companies moved up from +7% in March to +8% in June and hope for +9% in the next period. Small firms continue to struggle, however, with a -2% reading in this survey, a little better than March&#39;s -3%, although they look to some deterioration over the summer to -4%.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060703f.jpg" width="353">
The large manufacturing companies report that their sales growth this fiscal year continues to come mainly from export customers, with a projection of a 5.2% gain; fiscal 2005 ended with a substantial 11.7% rise, 3.1% more than their last estimate. This year&#39;s estimate represents a 6.0 point upward revision of the previous export sales forecast. Domestic sales are not doing as well. The FY2005 outcome was 5.1% growth, even with the previous estimate, but the expectation for this year is just 1.7%, a downward revision of 0.9-point from the last forecast. A breakout by customer is not shown for other firm sizes or industries, but they all expect further gains in total sales this fiscal year and have raised their forecasts after 2005 came in better than forecast.
News reports highlighted forecasts for capital investment this year. Last year&#39;s actual spending amounts were in fact somewhat lower than forecast, albeit at still good rates; for example, large manufacturing firms expanded capital spending by 13.9%, but this was 2.6% lower than expected. However, rather than revising down this year&#39;s forecasts after that modest shortfall, these firms raised their 2006 plans by 8.2 points to 16.4%. This high number prompted a number of analysts to assert that it would add to the evidence favoring an increase in the BoJ&#39;s target overnight call rate at its meeting next week (July 13 &amp; 14). The employment data we reported on Friday and another positive CPI for May (+0.6% year/year) also add to that argument. The call rate, which has been virtually 0% since September 2001, edged upward to 0.02% (2 basis points) last Friday, end-June.
Finally, as we call to your attention frequently, the TANKAN survey was dramatically reorganized two years ago, most significantly changing the very definition of &quot;size&quot; from employee-based to capital-based. Thus, for example, firms counted as &quot;small&quot; before because they employed fewer than 300 people might now be &quot;large&quot; because they have substantial capital; this is particularly true for high-tech companies. Thus, we continue to separate data for the two periods in the survey in our JAPAN database. However, in the Haver database &quot;G10&quot;, where we include some customized series that we calculate, we show a long history for &quot;all firms&quot;, which would not have been affected by the modified size criterion. That series, seen in the second graph, was +6 this quarter, the highest reading since December 1991, 14-1/2 years ago.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol">Business Conditions:&nbsp; % Favorable minus % Unfavorable</th>
June 2006
March 2006
December 2005
<th scope="col">Sept 2005</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Forecast for Sept</td>
<td>Actual</td>
<td>Forecast for June</td>
<td>Actual</td>
<td>Forecast for Mar</td>
<td>Actual</td>
<td>Forecast for Dec</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">All Firms</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Large Firms*</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Manufacturing (&quot;Headline Series&quot;)</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>18</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Nonmanufacturing</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>16</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Medium-Sized Firms**</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Small Firms***</td>
<td>-4</td>
<td>-2</td>
<td>-2</td>
<td>-3</td>
<td>-4</td>
<td>-2</td>
<td>-5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
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We've haven't commented on the Bank of Japan's TANKAN report since December, so even though we just talked about Japan's employment data on Friday, this information bears examination promptly as well. Large manufacturing firms, the [...]

Japan's "TANKAN" Steady at Higher Readings; High Investment Forecast Adds to Expectations of Hike in BoJ Interest Rate

Tom Moeller

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060703c.jpg" width="353">
The value of construction put in place fell another 0.4% in May following a little revised 0.2% slip during April. Consensus expectations had been for a 0.2% gain and revisions to the data extended back to January 2003.
Lower residential building activity led the decline during May with a 0.8% drop. New single family building fell a notable 1.7% (+3.7% y/y) after a similar drop the month prior. Spending on multi-family projects slipped a more moderate 0.5% (+23.1% y/y) while the value of spending on improvements jumped 1.8% (-6.8% y/y).
During the last twenty years there has been an 84% correlation between the q/q change in the value of residential building and its contribution to growth in real GDP. During April and May the value of residential building activity was down 1.3% from the 1Q average.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060703d.jpg" width="353">
Nonresidential building slipped 0.3% following downwardly revised during prior months but the 2Q level so far is up 3.1% from the prior quarter. Office construction added 0.2% to the 2.5% surge during April (8.8% y/y) and commercial building slipped 0.8% (+5.4% y/y). Multi-retail building jumped another 5.1% (36.9% y/y) as building activity at shopping malls (39.3% y/y) and shopping centers (57.7% y/y) was firm.
Public construction spending increased 0.7% though construction activity on highways &amp; streets, nearly one third of the value of public construction spending, rose just 0.1% (16.3% y/y) after several months of strong gain.
These more detailed categories represent the Census Bureau&#146;s reclassification of construction activity into end-use groups. Finer detail is available for many of the categories; for instance, commercial construction is shown for Automotive sales and parking facilities, drugstores, building supply stores, and both commercial warehouses and mini-storage facilities. Note that start dates vary for some seasonally adjusted line items in 2000 and 2002 and that constant-dollar data are no longer computed.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@E9/@E907/@E90701/@E90701.HTM">Construction Put-in-place</a></th>
<th scope="col">May</th>
<th scope="col">April</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Total</td>
<td>-0.4%</td>
<td>-0.2%</td>
<td>6.0%</td>
<td>10.7%</td>
<td>11.5%</td>
<td>5.6%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Private</td>
<td>-0.6%</td>
<td>-0.3%</td>
<td>5.3%</td>
<td>12.0%</td>
<td>14.3%</td>
<td>6.4%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Residential</td>
<td>-0.8%</td>
<td>-1.2%</td>
<td>2.4%</td>
<td>13.9%</td>
<td>18.6%</td>
<td>12.8%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Nonresidential</td>
<td>-0.3%</td>
<td>1.6%</td>
<td>12.7%</td>
<td>7.4%</td>
<td>5.3%</td>
<td>-4.8%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Public</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>0.5%</td>
<td>8.7%</td>
<td>6.2%</td>
<td>2.8%</td>
<td>2.9%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

The value of construction put in place fell another 0.4% in May following a little revised 0.2% slip during April. Consensus expectations had been for a 0.2% gain and revisions to the data extended back to January 2003. Lower [...]

U.S. Construction Spending Off Again

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060703a.jpg" width="353">
The June Composite Index of factory sector activity reported by the Institute of Supply Management (ISM) slipped to 53.8 from 54.4 the month prior. Consensus expectations had been for a slight increase to 55.0.
During the last twenty years there has been a 68% correlation between the level of the Composite Index and the three month growth in factory sector industrial production.
A 4.2 point drop in the employment index to 48.7 dropped the reading below the break even level of 50 for the first time in over a year. During the last twenty years there has been a 66% correlation between the level of the ISM employment Index and the three month growth in factory sector employment.
The production index also fell for the second consecutive month to its lowest (55.1) since early 2003 and the inventory index (46.9) fell for the fourth month this year.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060703b.jpg" width="353">
New orders (57.9) improved for the first month in the last four and recovered most of the prior two months&#39; decline. New export orders slipped modestly m/m and at 55.4 were down from the highs of the prior nine months. During the last nineteen years there has been a 68% correlation between the level of the ISM export index and the y/y change in real exports of goods.
An index of order backlogs rose moderately to 54.0 following two months of sharp decline while the import index was unchanged at a still strong 56.5.
The price index slipped modestly following several m/m jumps earlier this year. During the last twenty years there has been a 91% correlation between the price index and the three month change in the PPI for intermediate goods less food &amp; energy.
The Puzzling Convergence in Foreign Exchange Volatility from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis is available <a href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/aiet/20060701/cover.pdf">here</a>.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@EF/@EF02/@EF02.HTM">ISM Manufacturing Survey</a></th>
<th scope="col">June</th>
<th scope="col">May</th>
<th scope="col">June &#39;05</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Composite Index</td>
<td>53.8</td>
<td>54.4</td>
<td>54.0</td>
<td>55.5</td>
<td>60.5</td>
<td>53.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; New Orders Index</td>
<td>57.9</td>
<td>53.7</td>
<td>57.2</td>
<td>57.4</td>
<td>63.5</td>
<td>57.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Prices Paid Index (NSA)</td>
<td>76.5</td>
<td>77.0</td>
<td>50.5</td>
<td>66.4</td>
<td>79.8</td>
<td>59.6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

The June Composite Index of factory sector activity reported by the Institute of Supply Management (ISM) slipped to 53.8 from 54.4 the month prior. Consensus expectations had been for a slight increase to 55.0. During the last twenty [...]

ISM Index Disappointing Again in June, but Orders Up

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060703a.jpg" width="353">
The June Composite Index of factory sector activity reported by the Institute of Supply Management (ISM) slipped to 53.8 from 54.4 the month prior. Consensus expectations had been for a slight increase to 55.0.
During the last twenty years there has been a 68% correlation between the level of the Composite Index and the three month growth in factory sector industrial production.
A 4.2 point drop in the employment index to 48.7 dropped the reading below the break even level of 50 for the first time in over a year. During the last twenty years there has been a 66% correlation between the level of the ISM employment Index and the three month growth in factory sector employment.
The production index also fell for the second consecutive month to its lowest (55.1) since early 2003 and the inventory index (46.9) fell for the fourth month this year.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060703b.jpg" width="353">
New orders (57.9) improved for the first month in the last four and recovered most of the prior two months&#39; decline. New export orders slipped modestly m/m and at 55.4 were down from the highs of the prior nine months. During the last nineteen years there has been a 68% correlation between the level of the ISM export index and the y/y change in real exports of goods.
An index of order backlogs rose moderately to 54.0 following two months of sharp decline while the import index was unchanged at a still strong 56.5.
The price index slipped modestly following several m/m jumps earlier this year. During the last twenty years there has been a 91% correlation between the price index and the three month change in the PPI for intermediate goods less food &amp; energy.
The Puzzling Convergence in Foreign Exchange Volatility from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis is available <a href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/aiet/20060701/cover.pdf">here</a>.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@EF/@EF02/@EF02.HTM">ISM Manufacturing Survey</a></th>
<th scope="col">June</th>
<th scope="col">May</th>
<th scope="col">June &#39;05</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Composite Index</td>
<td>53.8</td>
<td>54.4</td>
<td>54.0</td>
<td>55.5</td>
<td>60.5</td>
<td>53.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; New Orders Index</td>
<td>57.9</td>
<td>53.7</td>
<td>57.2</td>
<td>57.4</td>
<td>63.5</td>
<td>57.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Prices Paid Index (NSA)</td>
<td>76.5</td>
<td>77.0</td>
<td>50.5</td>
<td>66.4</td>
<td>79.8</td>
<td>59.6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
U.S. Construction Spending Off Again 
by <a href="/comment/Moeller.html">Tom Moeller</a> July 3, 2006


<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060703c.jpg" width="353">
The value of construction put in place fell another 0.4% in May following a little revised 0.2% slip during April. Consensus expectations had been for a 0.2% gain and revisions to the data extended back to January 2003.
Lower residential building activity led the decline during May with a 0.8% drop. New single family building fell a notable 1.7% (+3.7% y/y) after a similar drop the month prior. Spending on multi-family projects slipped a more moderate 0.5% (+23.1% y/y) while the value of spending on improvements jumped 1.8% (-6.8% y/y).
During the last twenty years there has been an 84% correlation between the q/q change in the value of residential building and its contribution to growth in real GDP. During April and May the value of residential building activity was down 1.3% from the 1Q average.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060703d.jpg" width="353">
Nonresidential building slipped 0.3% following downwardly revised during prior months but the 2Q level so far is up 3.1% from the prior quarter. Office construction added 0.2% to the 2.5% surge during April (8.8% y/y) and commercial building slipped 0.8% (+5.4% y/y). Multi-retail building jumped another 5.1% (36.9% y/y) as building activity at shopping malls (39.3% y/y) and shopping centers (57.7% y/y) was firm.
Public construction spending increased 0.7% though construction activity on highways &amp; streets, nearly one third of the value of public construction spending, rose just 0.1% (16.3% y/y) after several months of strong gain.
These more detailed categories represent the Census Bureau&#146;s reclassification of construction activity into end-use groups. Finer detail is available for many of the categories; for instance, commercial construction is shown for Automotive sales and parking facilities, drugstores, building supply stores, and both commercial warehouses and mini-storage facilities. Note that start dates vary for some seasonally adjusted line items in 2000 and 2002 and that constant-dollar data are no longer computed.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@E9/@E907/@E90701/@E90701.HTM">Construction Put-in-place</a></th>
<th scope="col">May</th>
<th scope="col">April</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Total</td>
<td>-0.4%</td>
<td>-0.2%</td>
<td>6.0%</td>
<td>10.7%</td>
<td>11.5%</td>
<td>5.6%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Private</td>
<td>-0.6%</td>
<td>-0.3%</td>
<td>5.3%</td>
<td>12.0%</td>
<td>14.3%</td>
<td>6.4%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Residential</td>
<td>-0.8%</td>
<td>-1.2%</td>
<td>2.4%</td>
<td>13.9%</td>
<td>18.6%</td>
<td>12.8%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Nonresidential</td>
<td>-0.3%</td>
<td>1.6%</td>
<td>12.7%</td>
<td>7.4%</td>
<td>5.3%</td>
<td>-4.8%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Public</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>0.5%</td>
<td>8.7%</td>
<td>6.2%</td>
<td>2.8%</td>
<td>2.9%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Japan's "TANKAN" Steady at Higher Readings; High Investment Forecast Adds to Expectations of Hike in BoJ Interest Rate 
by <a href="/comment/Stone.html">Carol Stone</a> July 3, 2006


<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060703e.jpg" width="353">
We&#39;ve haven&#39;t commented on the Bank of Japan&#39;s TANKAN report since December, so even though we just talked about Japan&#39;s employment data on Friday, this information bears examination promptly as well. Large manufacturing firms, the widely followed &quot;headline&quot; segment, saw business conditions in June at +21%, up 1 point from March&#39;s 20% reading (a %-balance measure: % favorable less % unfavorable). This result was just below the group&#39;s forecast of 22%. They anticipate another 21% in September.
All size firms in all industries also firmed by 1 point from March, from +5% to +6% in June. This performance met their expectations and they look to repeat the +6% in September. All large firms have been holding at 20% with a prospect for 21% in September. Medium-sized companies moved up from +7% in March to +8% in June and hope for +9% in the next period. Small firms continue to struggle, however, with a -2% reading in this survey, a little better than March&#39;s -3%, although they look to some deterioration over the summer to -4%.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060703f.jpg" width="353">
The large manufacturing companies report that their sales growth this fiscal year continues to come mainly from export customers, with a projection of a 5.2% gain; fiscal 2005 ended with a substantial 11.7% rise, 3.1% more than their last estimate. This year&#39;s estimate represents a 6.0 point upward revision of the previous export sales forecast. Domestic sales are not doing as well. The FY2005 outcome was 5.1% growth, even with the previous estimate, but the expectation for this year is just 1.7%, a downward revision of 0.9-point from the last forecast. A breakout by customer is not shown for other firm sizes or industries, but they all expect further gains in total sales this fiscal year and have raised their forecasts after 2005 came in better than forecast.
News reports highlighted forecasts for capital investment this year. Last year&#39;s actual spending amounts were in fact somewhat lower than forecast, albeit at still good rates; for example, large manufacturing firms expanded capital spending by 13.9%, but this was 2.6% lower than expected. However, rather than revising down this year&#39;s forecasts after that modest shortfall, these firms raised their 2006 plans by 8.2 points to 16.4%. This high number prompted a number of analysts to assert that it would add to the evidence favoring an increase in the BoJ&#39;s target overnight call rate at its meeting next week (July 13 &amp; 14). The employment data we reported on Friday and another positive CPI for May (+0.6% year/year) also add to that argument. The call rate, which has been virtually 0% since September 2001, edged upward to 0.02% (2 basis points) last Friday, end-June.
Finally, as we call to your attention frequently, the TANKAN survey was dramatically reorganized two years ago, most significantly changing the very definition of &quot;size&quot; from employee-based to capital-based. Thus, for example, firms counted as &quot;small&quot; before because they employed fewer than 300 people might now be &quot;large&quot; because they have substantial capital; this is particularly true for high-tech companies. Thus, we continue to separate data for the two periods in the survey in our JAPAN database. However, in the Haver database &quot;G10&quot;, where we include some customized series that we calculate, we show a long history for &quot;all firms&quot;, which would not have been affected by the modified size criterion. That series, seen in the second graph, was +6 this quarter, the highest reading since December 1991, 14-1/2 years ago.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol">Business Conditions:&nbsp; % Favorable minus % Unfavorable</th>
June 2006
March 2006
December 2005
<th scope="col">Sept 2005</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Forecast for Sept</td>
<td>Actual</td>
<td>Forecast for June</td>
<td>Actual</td>
<td>Forecast for Mar</td>
<td>Actual</td>
<td>Forecast for Dec</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">All Firms</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Large Firms*</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Manufacturing (&quot;Headline Series&quot;)</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>18</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Nonmanufacturing</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>16</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Medium-Sized Firms**</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Small Firms***</td>
<td>-4</td>
<td>-2</td>
<td>-2</td>
<td>-3</td>
<td>-4</td>
<td>-2</td>
<td>-5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060630d.jpg" width="353">
For Japan, as was the case yesterday with Germany, the last time we wrote about the labor market was three months ago. Back then, we were all excited about rising employment in Japan and falling unemployment, particularly for February. In the intervening months, however, Japanese labor conditions have hesitated somewhat, although employment has been basically stable with February&#39;s strong performance.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060630e.jpg" width="353">
In May, employment gained 270,000 after a cumulative loss of 280,000 in March and April. The total amount in May, 63.91 million workers, remains above the levels of all but two months in the last 4 1/2 years. The highest was 63.93 million in September 2005, followed by February&#39;s 63.92 million. Other months, as evident from the graph and the table below, have been noticeably weaker.
The news headlines today highlighted May&#39;s low unemployment rate, 4.0%, which, as seen in the second graph, is the lowest since early 1998. However, our own enthusiasm was tempered by a look at labor force data. Japan&#39;s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications doesn&#39;t publish the labor force series on a seasonally adjusted basis, but we can calculate it by adding employment and unemployment. Last time we assessed these data, we were pleased to describe growth in the labor force, which meant that the decline in unemployment was coming from the strength of employment. This time, though, as we describe above, employment has been flat for three months and the second graph shows that the labor force has also stopped growing. Thus, May&#39;s dip in unemployment is not a sign of further strength, but of hesitation by workers, who likely remain skittish about the prospects for continuing growth.<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060630f.jpg" width="353">
At the same time, we don&#39;t want to downplay the employment performance. Two key sectors, manufacturing and construction are looking better. The third graph indicates that these have both stabilized after declines that began in about 1997. These industry data are not seasonally adjusted either, so they&#39;re a bit erratic. But manufacturing is notable for not experiencing the jobs decline that has characterized the spring months in several recent years; instead, gains from last summer have largely held, a situation we see as impressive with the competition Japan manufacturing faces from its neighbors. Construction job gains are a good sign that investment is picking up, a quite tangible expression of confidence.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@E7/@E711/@E71102/@E71102.HTM">Disposition of Personal Income</a></th>
<th scope="col">May</th>
<th scope="col">April</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Personal Income</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>5.4%</td>
<td>5.4%</td>
<td>5.9%</td>
<td>3.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Personal Consumption</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>6.7%</td>
<td>6.5%</td>
<td>6.5%</td>
<td>4.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Savings Rate</td>
<td>-1.7%</td>
<td>-1.6%</td>
<td>0.0% (May &#39;05)</td>
<td>-0.5%</td>
<td>1.7%</td>
<td>2.1%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">PCE Chain Price Index</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>0.5%</td>
<td>3.3%</td>
<td>2.8%</td>
<td>2.6%</td>
<td>1.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Less food &amp; energy</td>
<td>0.2%</td>
<td>0.2%</td>
<td>2.1%</td>
<td>2.0%</td>
<td>2.0%</td>
<td>1.3%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
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For Japan, as was the case yesterday with Germany, the last time we wrote about the labor market was three months ago. Back then, we were all excited about rising employment in Japan and falling unemployment, particularly for [...]

Japan Employment Hesitates, But Remains High; Unemployment Rate at 8-Year Low

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060630c.jpg" width="353">
Consumer sentiment during all of June improved 7.3% from the prior month to 84.9 according to the University of Michigan. The increase recovered most of a 9.5% slump during May, built on the rise that was reported earlier and exceeded Consensus expectations for a reading of 82.5.
During the last ten years there has been a 77% correlation between the level of consumer sentiment and the y/y change in real consumer spending.
The reading of current economic conditions rose 9.3% as the index of current personal finances rose 10.8% (-7.4% y/y). Buying conditions for large household goods were judged to be 8.2% better (-7.6% y/y) than during May.
Expectations for the economy rose for just the second month this year. The 5.6% June gain reflected an 8.6% rise in business conditions expected during the next year. But long term (5 year) expectations for business conditions fell for the fourth month in the last five (-23.3% y/y). Consumers&#39; opinion about gov&#39;t economic policy fell 3.9% m/m (-20.4% y/y).
Expected inflation during the next year slipped modestly to 4.4% and the five to ten year expected rate of inflation also fell to 3.5%.
The University of Michigan survey is not seasonally adjusted.The mid-month survey is based on telephone interviews with 250 households nationwide on personal finances and business and buying conditions. The survey is expanded to a total of 500 interviews at month end.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@EF/@EF14/@EF1402/@EF1402.HTM">University of Michigan</a></th>
<th scope="col">June (Final)</th>
<th scope="col">June (Prelim.)</th>
<th scope="col">May</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Consumer Sentiment</td>
<td>84.9</td>
<td>82.4</td>
<td>79.1</td>
<td>-11.6%</td>
<td>88.6</td>
<td>95.2</td>
<td>87.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp;&nbsp; Current Conditions</td>
<td>105.0</td>
<td>103.1</td>
<td>96.1</td>
<td>-7.2%</td>
<td>105.9</td>
<td>105.6</td>
<td>97.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp;&nbsp; Expectations</td>
<td>72.0</td>
<td>69.2</td>
<td>68.2</td>
<td>-15.3%</td>
<td>77.4</td>
<td>88.5</td>
<td>81.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
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Consumer sentiment during all of June improved 7.3% from the prior month to 84.9 according to the University of Michigan. The increase recovered most of a 9.5% slump during May, built on the rise that was reported earlier and exceeded [...]

U.S. Consumers' Spirits Rose Further as Inflation Expectations Fell

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060630a.jpg" width="353">
Personal income rose 0.4% last month following an upwardly revised 0.5% gain during April. The May increase doubled Consensus expectations for a 0.2% rise.
The PCE chain price index rose an expected 0.4% and reflected a 4.6% (30.5% y/y) jump in gasoline &amp; oil prices. Less food &amp; energy the 0.2% (2.1% y/y) rise in the chain price index also was expected. Prices for clothing &amp; shoes fell 0.1% (-0.6% y/y) and furniture &amp; household equipment prices continued their long standing decline (-5.0% y/y).
A strong 1.2% (7.4% y/y) gain in personal interest income and a 0.9% (11.1% y/y) increase in dividend income paced last month&#39;s rise in income.
Wage &amp; salary disbursements were unchanged (4.8% y/y) after a downwardly revised 0.8% spike during April. Private sector wages were unchanged (5.1% y/y) as factory sector wages fell 0.1% (+2.4% y/y). Service producing industries wages also fell 0.1% (+5.4% y/y) after a 1.1% April jump.
Government transfer payments for health insurance &amp; disability surged 1.0% (12.1% y/y) reflecting Medicare drug coverage.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060630b.jpg" width="353">
Disposable personal income rose 0.3% (4.7% y/y) after an upwardly revised 0.6% April jump. Personal taxes rose 0.5% (10.6% y/y).
Adjusted for price inflation, disposable personal income fell slightly (+1.4% y/y) marking the third m/m decline this year. A 0.1% decline in real disposable income per capita (+0.5% y/y) left the measure down 0.4% year to date.
Personal consumption matched Consensus expectations for a 0.4% rise but adjusted for price inflation spending rose just 0.1% (3.3% y/y). Real spending on durables dropped 0.6% (+4.7% y/y) reflecting lower sales of motor vehicle &amp; parts (-1.9% y/y) while real spending on furniture &amp; household equipment rose 0.3% (12.7% y/y).
The personal savings rate was again negative.
The Trend Growth Rate of Employment: Past, Present and Future from the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City is available <a href="http://www.kansascityfed.org/PUBLICAT/ECONREV/PDF/1q06clar.pdf">here</a>.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@E7/@E711/@E71102/@E71102.HTM">Disposition of Personal Income</a></th>
<th scope="col">May</th>
<th scope="col">April</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Personal Income</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>5.4%</td>
<td>5.4%</td>
<td>5.9%</td>
<td>3.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Personal Consumption</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>6.7%</td>
<td>6.5%</td>
<td>6.5%</td>
<td>4.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Savings Rate</td>
<td>-1.7%</td>
<td>-1.6%</td>
<td>0.0% (May &#39;05)</td>
<td>-0.5%</td>
<td>1.7%</td>
<td>2.1%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">PCE Chain Price Index</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>0.5%</td>
<td>3.3%</td>
<td>2.8%</td>
<td>2.6%</td>
<td>1.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Less food &amp; energy</td>
<td>0.2%</td>
<td>0.2%</td>
<td>2.1%</td>
<td>2.0%</td>
<td>2.0%</td>
<td>1.3%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


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Personal income rose 0.4% last month following an upwardly revised 0.5% gain during April. The May increase doubled Consensus expectations for a 0.2% rise. The PCE chain price index rose an expected 0.4% and reflected a 4.6% (30.5% [...]

U.S. Personal Income Firm, Prices Tame

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060630b.jpg" width="353">
Personal income rose 0.4% last month following an upwardly revised 0.5% gain during April. The May increase doubled Consensus expectations for a 0.2% rise.
The PCE chain price index rose an expected 0.4% and reflected a 4.6% (30.5% y/y) jump in gasoline &amp; oil prices. Less food &amp; energy the 0.2% (2.1% y/y) rise in the chain price index also was expected. Prices for clothing &amp; shoes fell 0.1% (-0.6% y/y) and furniture &amp; household equipment prices continued their long standing decline (-5.0% y/y).
A strong 1.2% (7.4% y/y) gain in personal interest income and a 0.9% (11.1% y/y) increase in dividend income paced last month&#39;s rise in income.
Wage &amp; salary disbursements were unchanged (4.8% y/y) after a downwardly revised 0.8% spike during April. Private sector wages were unchanged (5.1% y/y) as factory sector wages fell 0.1% (+2.4% y/y). Service producing industries wages also fell 0.1% (+5.4% y/y) after a 1.1% April jump.
Government transfer payments for health insurance &amp; disability surged 1.0% (12.1% y/y) reflecting Medicare drug coverage.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060630a.jpg" width="353">
Disposable personal income rose 0.3% (4.7% y/y) after an upwardly revised 0.6% April jump. Personal taxes rose 0.5% (10.6% y/y).
Adjusted for price inflation, disposable personal income fell slightly (+1.4% y/y) marking the third m/m decline this year. A 0.1% decline in real disposable income per capita (+0.5% y/y) left the measure down 0.4% year to date.
Personal consumption matched Consensus expectations for a 0.4% rise but adjusted for price inflation spending rose just 0.1% (3.3% y/y). Real spending on durables dropped 0.6% (+4.7% y/y) reflecting lower sales of motor vehicle &amp; parts (-1.9% y/y) while real spending on furniture &amp; household equipment rose 0.3% (12.7% y/y).
The personal savings rate was again negative.
The Trend Growth Rate of Employment: Past, Present and Future from the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City is available <a href="http://www.kansascityfed.org/PUBLICAT/ECONREV/PDF/1q06clar.pdf">here</a>.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@E7/@E711/@E71102/@E71102.HTM">Disposition of Personal Income</a></th>
<th scope="col">May</th>
<th scope="col">April</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Personal Income</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>5.4%</td>
<td>5.4%</td>
<td>5.9%</td>
<td>3.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Personal Consumption</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>6.7%</td>
<td>6.5%</td>
<td>6.5%</td>
<td>4.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Savings Rate</td>
<td>-1.7%</td>
<td>-1.6%</td>
<td>0.0% (May &#39;05)</td>
<td>-0.5%</td>
<td>1.7%</td>
<td>2.1%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">PCE Chain Price Index</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>0.5%</td>
<td>3.3%</td>
<td>2.8%</td>
<td>2.6%</td>
<td>1.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Less food &amp; energy</td>
<td>0.2%</td>
<td>0.2%</td>
<td>2.1%</td>
<td>2.0%</td>
<td>2.0%</td>
<td>1.3%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
U.S. Consumers' Spirits Rose Further as Inflation Expectations Fell 
by <a href="/comment/Moeller.html">Tom Moeller</a> June 30, 2006


<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060630c.jpg" width="353">
Consumer sentiment during all of June improved 7.3% from the prior month to 84.9 according to the University of Michigan. The increase recovered most of a 9.5% slump during May, built on the rise that was reported earlier and exceeded Consensus expectations for a reading of 82.5.
During the last ten years there has been a 77% correlation between the level of consumer sentiment and the y/y change in real consumer spending.
The reading of current economic conditions rose 9.3% as the index of current personal finances rose 10.8% (-7.4% y/y). Buying conditions for large household goods were judged to be 8.2% better (-7.6% y/y) than during May.
Expectations for the economy rose for just the second month this year. The 5.6% June gain reflected an 8.6% rise in business conditions expected during the next year. But long term (5 year) expectations for business conditions fell for the fourth month in the last five (-23.3% y/y). Consumers&#39; opinion about gov&#39;t economic policy fell 3.9% m/m (-20.4% y/y).
Expected inflation during the next year slipped modestly to 4.4% and the five to ten year expected rate of inflation also fell to 3.5%.
The University of Michigan survey is not seasonally adjusted.The mid-month survey is based on telephone interviews with 250 households nationwide on personal finances and business and buying conditions. The survey is expanded to a total of 500 interviews at month end.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@EF/@EF14/@EF1402/@EF1402.HTM">University of Michigan</a></th>
<th scope="col">June (Final)</th>
<th scope="col">June (Prelim.)</th>
<th scope="col">May</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Consumer Sentiment</td>
<td>84.9</td>
<td>82.4</td>
<td>79.1</td>
<td>-11.6%</td>
<td>88.6</td>
<td>95.2</td>
<td>87.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp;&nbsp; Current Conditions</td>
<td>105.0</td>
<td>103.1</td>
<td>96.1</td>
<td>-7.2%</td>
<td>105.9</td>
<td>105.6</td>
<td>97.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp;&nbsp; Expectations</td>
<td>72.0</td>
<td>69.2</td>
<td>68.2</td>
<td>-15.3%</td>
<td>77.4</td>
<td>88.5</td>
<td>81.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Japan Employment Hesitates, But Remains High; Unemployment Rate at 8-Year Low 
by <a href="/comment/Stone.html">Carol Stone</a> June 30, 2006


<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060630d.jpg" width="353">
For Japan, as was the case yesterday with Germany, the last time we wrote about the labor market was three months ago. Back then, we were all excited about rising employment in Japan and falling unemployment, particularly for February. In the intervening months, however, Japanese labor conditions have hesitated somewhat, although employment has been basically stable with February&#39;s strong performance.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060630e.jpg" width="353">
In May, employment gained 270,000 after a cumulative loss of 280,000 in March and April. The total amount in May, 63.91 million workers, remains above the levels of all but two months in the last 4 1/2 years. The highest was 63.93 million in September 2005, followed by February&#39;s 63.92 million. Other months, as evident from the graph and the table below, have been noticeably weaker.
The news headlines today highlighted May&#39;s low unemployment rate, 4.0%, which, as seen in the second graph, is the lowest since early 1998. However, our own enthusiasm was tempered by a look at labor force data. Japan&#39;s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications doesn&#39;t publish the labor force series on a seasonally adjusted basis, but we can calculate it by adding employment and unemployment. Last time we assessed these data, we were pleased to describe growth in the labor force, which meant that the decline in unemployment was coming from the strength of employment. This time, though, as we describe above, employment has been flat for three months and the second graph shows that the labor force has also stopped growing. Thus, May&#39;s dip in unemployment is not a sign of further strength, but of hesitation by workers, who likely remain skittish about the prospects for continuing growth.<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/060630f.jpg" width="353">
At the same time, we don&#39;t want to downplay the employment performance. Two key sectors, manufacturing and construction are looking better. The third graph indicates that these have both stabilized after declines that began in about 1997. These industry data are not seasonally adjusted either, so they&#39;re a bit erratic. But manufacturing is notable for not experiencing the jobs decline that has characterized the spring months in several recent years; instead, gains from last summer have largely held, a situation we see as impressive with the competition Japan manufacturing faces from its neighbors. Construction job gains are a good sign that investment is picking up, a quite tangible expression of confidence.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@E7/@E711/@E71102/@E71102.HTM">Disposition of Personal Income</a></th>
<th scope="col">May</th>
<th scope="col">April</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Personal Income</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>5.4%</td>
<td>5.4%</td>
<td>5.9%</td>
<td>3.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Personal Consumption</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>6.7%</td>
<td>6.5%</td>
<td>6.5%</td>
<td>4.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Savings Rate</td>
<td>-1.7%</td>
<td>-1.6%</td>
<td>0.0% (May &#39;05)</td>
<td>-0.5%</td>
<td>1.7%</td>
<td>2.1%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">PCE Chain Price Index</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>0.5%</td>
<td>3.3%</td>
<td>2.8%</td>
<td>2.6%</td>
<td>1.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Less food &amp; energy</td>
<td>0.2%</td>
<td>0.2%</td>
<td>2.1%</td>
<td>2.0%</td>
<td>2.0%</td>
<td>1.3%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


</html>

Surging orders for computers and electronics propelling durable goods orders

Next year's inflation forecasts are on the rise and above target

Disrupted global supply chains placing upward pressure on US goods prices

Construction of data centers has overtaken transportation construction in US

Elevated energy prices putting intense upward pressure on input prices around the globe

US is big leader in global surge in private AI investment

Larger-than-usual income tax refunds this year are supporting consumer spending

Sharply rising share of AI-related jobs

Inflationary impact of surge in oil prices larger in Europe than in the US

Futures market thinks the price of oil will recede significantly over the next six months

Recent pickup in US defense orders could help support overall growth ahead

Cost of transporting crude oil has soared to series high

Market-based inflation expectations have not yet reflected recent surge in oil prices

Global equity markets are fearing a major economic disruption from soaring oil prices

Is recent drop in sentiment signaling softer growth ahead?

With the Iran conflict, geopolitical risk has soared to alarming levels

Soaring AI-related investment in US underpinning strong contribution of business spending to overall growth

AI-related outperformance of IP in Advanced Asia ex Japan

Resilient US economy pushing up Blue Chip 2026 outlook

US and China big leaders in adoption of AI models

Robust US demand for advanced technology products

China's export growth rotating away from the US

More pronounced upward revisions in countries more exposed to AI investment

Stable job openings and hiring rates point to cautious hiring

Global freight costs are on the rise while supply chain pressures are contained

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Tian Yong Woon

In this week's Letter, we explore the significant pullback in oil prices that followed the US-Iran memorandum of understanding and consider its broader economic implications. The agreement saw a fragile ceasefire ensue and a gradual resumption of shipping flows through the Strait of Hormuz (chart 1). We acknowledge that this major pullback will certainly be welcome to policymakers across the region and beyond. Previously elevated energy prices had added to the fiscal burdens of governments and sharpened the dilemma facing central banks (chart 2). That dilemma pits the need to rein in inflation against the risk of choking off economic growth. That said, while one source of inflationary pressure seems to be ebbing, another looks to be emerging on the horizon. It stems from a potential "Super El Niño" event, which meteorologists have been warning about for some time now. Asia sits at the centre of such risks, as past strong El Niño events have directly and adversely affected crop production (chart 3). The impact is not limited to potential surges in headline inflation via food supply shocks, especially in Asia. It extends directly to growth as well (chart 4), given the nontrivial share of GDP that agriculture still commands in many Asian economies (chart 5). Should price pressures simply rotate from energy to food, government subsidies may follow suit (chart 6). Central bankers, for their part, may find themselves unable to ease off the tightening pedal just yet. Some Asian economies, however, would still manage to offset such a growth shock through other engines. Electronics and semiconductors, buoyed by the current AI upcycle, offer one such cushion for the more fortunate. For others, lacking such offsets, the agricultural hit may simply have to be borne in full.

**The US-Iran conflict and oil prices**
The recent memorandum of understanding between the US and Iran, aimed at working towards a final deal, has already brought visible relief to crude oil markets (chart 1). This relief has held despite the renewed tensions that have followed the agreement, which markets seem to have largely looked past. The easing in prices should go a long way towards unwinding the inflation concerns that elevated oil prices had previously stoked. Much of the pullback reflects anticipation of the substantial supply now expected to return to global markets. Yet some shipping trackers, such as the IMF's, already point to a marked pickup in traffic through the Strait of Hormuz. Even so, those volumes still remain well below the levels seen before the conflict began in the region. 

260629T1.jpg

**Oil prices and inflation in Asia**
Should this normalisation of shipping flows through the Strait of Hormuz persist, it would support a corresponding easing in oil prices and energy inflation. That moderation in energy costs would, in turn, help bring down broader headline inflation across the economy. As chart 2 shows, energy has been a large contributor to headline inflation in recent years, though other important forces have been at play too. Such an outcome, in which restored oil supply cools energy inflation, would be a welcome development for central bankers. They face the delicate task of reining in price pressures without tightening policy so far that growth stalls or tips into contraction. That said, while one driver of price pressures now seems to be ebbing, albeit not without the risk of renewed tensions, another source of inflation is building on the horizon.

260629T2.jpg

**Risks of a “Super El Niño”**
As meteorological agencies have warned for some time, the world may be on the cusp of a Super El Niño. The probability of such an event has risen sharply in recent months. Were it to materialise, it would unleash a range of disruptions from the second half of this year, chief among them shifts in weather and climate patterns that can severely dent crop yields. Asian staples such as rice, wheat and palm oil are especially exposed, since strong El Niño events tend to bring drier conditions and reduced rainfall, in turn cutting output across affected economies in the region. Chart 3 illustrates just how tightly some crops are bound to these conditions: SOI readings correlate closely with certain economies' production, notably Thailand's rice harvest, underscoring how dependent such output remains on the weather. These supply shortfalls would then feed inflationary pressures through the food channel. So central bankers may not be able to rest entirely easy following the easing of tensions between the US and Iran, finding themselves wrestling with a fresh set of emerging inflation risks instead.

260629T3.jpg

Delving deeper, an examination of recent strong El Niño episodes against the growth of Asian economies' agricultural sectors shows that extreme weather weighs not just on food prices but on economic growth itself. As chart 4 shows, previous major El Niño episodes—notably in 2014–16 and 2023–24—were associated with weaker agricultural growth across parts of Asia, with India and Thailand appearing particularly vulnerable. This is understandable, since these episodes coincided with reduced crop production and, in turn, lower crop revenue. Should these past episodes serve as a gauge and given that the coming event is potentially the worst on record, these economies stand to suffer once more should it hit as hard as feared.

260629T4.jpg

Beyond the sensitivity of individual economies to extreme El Niño events, vulnerability also depends on the size of the agricultural sector itself. Economies where agriculture accounts for a larger share of output are naturally more exposed to weather-related disruptions. As chart 5 shows, economies such as India, Indonesia and, to a lesser extent, Vietnam carry a comparatively higher share of agriculture in their GDP, which presents a further source of risk. That said, this dimension should not be read in isolation, since the eventual impact would turn on a combination of factors: the degree of exposure, the intensity of El Niño's effect on each economy's agricultural output, and the actual weather conditions that come to pass.

260629T5.jpg

Bringing it all together, the recent de-escalation between the US and Iran and the early normalisation of flows through the Strait of Hormuz are certainly welcome news. Businesses, consumers and policymakers alike stand to benefit from the relief that lower energy prices would bring. Yet the formation of extreme El Niño conditions presents a looming inflation risk over the months ahead. It may displace energy as the dominant driver, shifting the pressure from the energy channel to the food channel. For Asia's central bankers, this could mean they are unable to ease off the tightening pedal just yet (chart 6). Food inflation may simply pick up where energy inflation leaves off, keeping price pressures elevated for longer. Regional governments, too, may have to redirect funds from energy subsidies to food subsidies should the supply shock play out. On growth, however, the picture may prove more uneven across the region than a single narrative suggests. Economies exposed to the current AI upcycle could keep leaning on those sectors for continued support. Those less exposed, by contrast, may simply have to absorb the hit to agriculture with little to offset it.

260629T6.jpg

Asia

Economic Letter from Asia: Oil Down, Emerging Risks

Robert Brusca

260629E.jpg

Headline indexes for the European Monetary Union improved in June to a reading of 95.0 from 93.7 in May. The index had been stronger at 96.4 in March; however, it fell to 93.3 in April, recovered slightly to 93.7 in May, and has now reached 95.0. While still below its March high, the index has made progress in the wake of the outbreak of war-like conditions and the closure of the Strait of Hormuz.

**Sector performance**
The industrial reading for the sector, at -8, has a 36.3 percentile standing, which better than the headline index for the Monetary Union with a 25.4 percentile standing. The EMU-wide sector index, consumer confidence, improved to a net diffusion reading of -17.7 in June from -19 in May, but that still leaves it with a very weak 8.1 percentile standing, the lowest among sector readings. Retailing improved to a net diffusion reading of -10 in June from -11 in May and posted a 38.1 percentile standing. The construction sector deteriorated, falling back to -5 from -4 in May; it has been undergoing steady degradation since at least March, but it still has a 68.4 percentile standing. It is the only sector with a percentile standing above 50, placing it above its historic median. The services sector had a net diffusion reading of +3, identical to its May reading and has a 24-percentile standing.

**Sector index ranking**
The sector readings clearly show that the monetary union is exhibiting a number of sectors with subpar growth; beyond ‘subpar,’ many are quite weak. The exception is—and has been for some time—the construction sector, which continues to perform above average and post an above-median metric. It is, perhaps surprising that we often think of consumer confidence as being relatively forward-looking, but in this schematic, consumer confidence is the weakest of the sectors; in fact, like statistics from the U.S., we find the same prevailing situation with consumer readings exceptionally weak. These weak consumer readings coexist with much stronger retailing readings and stronger industrial readings, although both of those are below their historic medians in Europe. This report is a sort of gut check for what consumer confidence means; it may not be as important as we used to think it was. Although the business cycle at this juncture seems to be concentrated more on the supply side and on recovery in the business community, that effect compounded by the influence of AI is much stronger in the U.S. than in Europe.

**Country detail – Large economies**
The country detail shows 16 of 20 early reporting countries with only one of the top four countries showing a decline month-to-month, and that's France. France recorded a 0.2% decline in June, while Germany posted a 1.9% increase, Italy gained 1.3%, and Spain rose 0.7%. Spain had the lone small decrease in May, while in April all of the large countries showed significant monthly declines in their overall indexes in the wake of the onset of the war with Iran.

**Smaller economies in EMU**
Apart from the Big Four economies, 12 other EMU members report in June; of those, 5 showed month-to-month declines in their country level indexes. This was up from three showing declines in May, although it was a vast improvement from April, when all of the country indexes turned negative and generated substantial month-to-month declines, except for Slovakia and Lithuania.

**Big Four economy rankings**
Among the Big Four economies, the strongest ranking reading in June is Spain at a 52.3 percentile standing, followed by Italy at a 41.6 percentile standing, France at a 22.7 percentile standing, and Germany at an 18.7 percentile standing.

**Other economy rankings**
Among the other 12 countries, the percentile standing readings range from a high of 76.1% for Greece to a low of 9.3% for Austria. Five of 12 of the smaller EMU members have percentile standings of 50% or greater, putting them above their historic medians, while the other 7 have rankings that range from a high of 44.6% in Portugal to a low of 9.3% in Austria.

**Summing up**
Conditions in the monetary union have improved over the last two months after a substantial stumble in the wake of the war in the Middle East with Iran and the closure of the Strait of Hormuz. However, the rebound in the European recovery is in gear; it is slow and measured. Conditions are still weak on balance.

260629.jpg

Europe

EU Indexes Show European Improvement in June

Winnie Tapasanun

260625H9.jpg

260625I9.jpg

The U.S. international trade deficit in goods ballooned to a larger-than-expected $105.75 billion in May after narrowing to $83.01 billion in April, according to the advance estimate from the U.S. Census Bureau. The May reading marked the third widening in the goods trade deficit in four months, exceeding a $91.55 billion shortfall in May 2025. A deficit of $84.0 billion for May had been expected by the Action Economics Forecast Survey. The deficit reached a low of $61.44 billion in October 2025 (the smallest since February 2020) and a record high of $158.73 billion in March 2025. On a quarterly basis, the deficit averaged $94.38 billion so far in Q2'26 versus $81.96 billion in Q1'26.

Total goods exports fell 5.4% m/m (+14.7% y/y) to $207.67 billion in May, the first monthly fall since December and a three-month low, following a 3.8% rise to a record-high $219.52 billion in April. Exports were up 27.7% from a June 2023 low. The m/m fall in exports in May reflected declines of 9.2% (-5.0% y/y) in nonfood consumer goods excluding autos, 7.0% (+23.2% y/y) in industrial supplies & materials, 6.8% (+19.5% y/y) in other goods, and 5.0% (+14.8% y/y) in capital goods excluding autos. To the upside, exports of foods, feeds & beverages (+3.9%; +19.1% y/y) and automotive vehicles & parts (+0.5%; -3.6% y/y) rebounded m/m in May.

Total goods imports, up for the fourth consecutive month, rose 3.6% m/m (15.0% y/y) to $313.43 billion in May, after a 2.0% increase to $302.53 billion in April, marking the highest level since the March 2025 record high of $340.11 billion. Imports were up 25.0% from a March 2023 low. The m/m rise in imports in May was broad-based across all end-use categories, led by an 11.5% gain (22.0% y/y) in other goods, followed by increases of 6.3% (1.4% y/y) in automotive vehicles & parts, 5.7% (-9.1% y/y) in nonfood consumer goods excluding autos, 4.8% (11.7% y/y) in industrial supplies & materials, 4.3% (-0.2% y/y) in foods, feeds & beverages, and 0.4% (41.9% y/y) in capital goods excluding autos. 

The advance international trade data can be found in Haver's **USECON** database. The expectation figure is from the Action Economics Forecast Survey, which is in **AS1REPNA**.

- Deficit: $105.75 bil. in May, up $22.75 bil. (+27.4%) from April’s $83.01 bil.
- Exports -5.4%, first m/m decline since Dec., led by a 9.2% drop in nonauto consumer goods exports.
- Imports +3.6%, fourth straight m/m rise to highest level since Mar. ’25, driven by an 11.5% gain in imports of other goods.

U.S. Goods Trade Deficit Balloons in May, Largest Since March ’25

260626E.jpg

In June, there's a slight divergence in the performance of industry climate and service sector climate, although broadly the two sectors have seen their composite indexes moving in more or less the same direction. Since 2024, the industry survey has moved up slightly after falling faster than the services gauge. The services survey has been locked in a slow trend of deterioration, largely since it reached a peak in 2021 in the wake of COVID.

The industry climate gauge has a 30.8 percentile standing, but the recent production trend, while declining, logs a more substantial 42.8 percentile standing. Contributing survey members find their own industry ‘likely trend’ much weaker, at a 21.2 percentile standing. Demand overall, however, has standings above the 50th percentile, putting overall and foreign orders & demand each above their respective medians for this period of ranking back to 2001. Inventories have a strong 81-percentile ranking. Prices are extremely strong, with 87-percentile and 86-percentile standings for respondents for their personal industry trend for prices as well as for the overarching manufacturing sector estimate of prices. Higher prices seem to be the one thing that everyone can agree on by a large margin.

260626.jpg

As for services, the service climate index improved slightly to 93.4 in June from 92.6 in May. The three-month moving average was weaker in June than in May as well; the 12-month moving average has been stuck at its current level for a number of months. The outlook in June improved slightly to a reading of -12 from -15 in May, but the outlook ranking is still a weak 26.8 percentile standing. The three-month expectations and observations of past sales trends haven't changed much in the last two months, but there has been a slight improvement for sales expectations. However, both sales metrics have low 20th percentile standings. Sales prices have deteriorated slightly in June compared to May for both the observed and the expected trends, but prices have standings above their 50th percentiles, logging above-median performance. Employment over the last three months has weakened noticeably, and expected employment is weaker by a small amount.

In terms of rankings, all of the sector rankings are below the 50th percentile on all of these observations, including the climate headline except for sales prices where both the past three-month observed trend and the expected trend have readings above their respective 50th percentiles, indicating past and expected price pressures in excess of normal.

260626 2.jpg

**Assessment**
On balance, the readings for the French industry, manufacturing sector and services are not encouraging. In addition, concerns about prices linger. The services sector, those concerns seem moderate compared to the concerns in manufacturing.

The hot war continues between Ukraine and Russia, while in the Middle East there was talk of some improvement and a potential peace deal between the United States and Iran, but every time there is some talk of a breakthrough, there appears to be a breakdown. In the most recent development, Iran has asserted its right to control traffic through the Strait of Hormuz, and it's not clear how that demand would ever be consistent with the U.S. allowing a ceasefire. It appears that Iran may have traded its irreconcilable demand for nuclear weapons for a more pragmatic and real-world argument—that it will control the traffic through the Strait of Hormuz simply because it can—and it still is doing exactly that, even after all the destruction it suffered.

Stopping Iran from controlling the Strait would take a commitment to restart the war. All this makes me personally more pessimistic. I think Iran sees the need for Trump to cut a deal and stop the war before the U.S. mid-term elections, and it is pressing that need to its advantage. Trading its nuclear ambitions for real world control of the Strait would elevate Iran’s power from being dangerous but ethereal to a real world event with constant consequences.

France

French Industry and Services Confidence Diverge in June

Andrew Cates

**Equity Momentum and Global Surprises — Still Moving Together**
One of the more telling features of global equity markets in 2026 has been the persistence of the correlation between non-US equity momentum and global growth and inflation surprise indices. Equity markets outside the United States have generally prospered when economic data have beaten consensus expectations and when inflation surprises have been negative  — a combination that has historically been associated with stronger corporate earnings and a more benign policy backdrop in economies other than the US. That correlation has held reasonably well through the turbulence of the past few months, even as the Middle East conflict introduced significant noise into both the economic data and the financial market signal. What the chart reveals this week is a picture of moderate but not alarming deterioration: global growth surprises have softened at the margin, consistent with the energy cost headwinds that have weighed on European and Asian activity, but the relationship between equity momentum and the broader data pulse remains intact. It is a signal that market participants continue to track economic fundamentals rather than purely geopolitical newsflow — a modestly reassuring sign that the underlying framework for assessing the global cycle has not broken down.

260625Z1.jpg

**The Fed Decouples: Why Oil and US Two-Year Yields Have Parted Ways**
For much of 2026, oil prices and US two-year Treasury yields moved in close alignment. The logic was straightforward: higher oil prices raised inflation expectations, which in turn pushed market participants to anticipate a more hawkish Federal Reserve, lifting short-dated yields in the process. That relationship held with notable consistency through the March escalation and the months that followed, as energy market shocks and monetary policy expectations fed off each other. What this week’s chart captures is a striking breakdown in that correlation. As oil prices have fallen on the back of the US-Iran memorandum of understanding and the associated unwinding of the geopolitical risk premium, US two-year yields have not followed them lower. The reason is last week’s Federal Reserve meeting. Under new chair Kevin Warsh, the Fed delivered a hawkish dot plot that shifted the median year-end projection to a hike, making clear that the easing cycle previously priced by some market participants is no longer the central scenario. The message is important: the deflationary impulse from lower oil prices is being offset — at least in the Fed’s framing — by persistent underlying inflation pressures and a commitment to keeping policy tight.

260625Z2.jpg

**Flash PMIs Signal Easing Supply Chain Stress and Softer Price Pressures**
June’s flash PMI surveys, released this week across the major advanced economies, provide a timely read on how the global manufacturing and services sectors are absorbing the shifting macro backdrop. Two findings stand out. First, supplier delivery times have improved (or not lengthened as much as they had in the prior two months). This finding coheres naturally with the broader narrative: lower oil prices reduce transport and energy input costs, while the resumption of Strait of Hormuz shipping flows — examined in more detail in chart 4 — is beginning to reduce the freight disruption and re-routing costs that had been building since the conflict escalated. Second, output price inflation in manufacturing has softened, suggesting that some of the pipeline pressure from earlier energy cost spikes is beginning to fade.

260625Z3.jpg

**Hormuz Traffic and Oil: A Coherent Story of Tentative Normalisation**
The recent US-Iran memorandum of understanding to work towards a final deal, though not without subsequent flare-ups, has already brought relief to markets, most visibly in crude oil prices. This should go a long way towards unwinding the inflation-related concerns that previously elevated oil prices had stoked. While the pullback has owed much to anticipation of the glut of pent-up supply expected to follow, certain trackers of shipping volume through the Strait of Hormuz, such as the IMF’s, already point to a marked pickup in traffic, even if it remains well below pre-conflict levels. Should this normalisation of shipping flows persist, it would lend continued justification to a corresponding easing in oil prices, energy-related inflation and, by extension, headline inflation — a welcome development for central banks grappling with the delicate balancing act of reining in price pressures without dampening growth too sharply.

260625Z4.jpg

**South Korea’s Trade Data Flag a Modest Softening in Global Demand**
South Korea’s trade data serve as one of the global economy’s most useful early warning systems. As one of the world’s most open economies, with exports spanning semiconductors, petrochemicals, steel, automobiles and consumer electronics, South Korea’s monthly trade figures provide a timely and broad-based read on the state of global demand. This week’s data show a slightly softer picture than the strong prints that characterised much of the first quarter. Headline export growth has moderated at the margin, and crucially, semiconductor exports — which had been the most dynamic component of the trade data, propelled by AI-related chip demand — have also come in a touch below the exceptional run rates seen earlier in the year. This is not, in itself, alarming: some moderation from peak rates was always to be expected, and the semiconductor cycle remains structurally supported by the scale of AI infrastructure investment globally.

260625Z5.jpg

**A Super El Niño on the Horizon — The Next Inflation Risk**
With that said, while one driver of price pressures seems to be ebbing for now — albeit not without the risk of future flare-ups — another potential inflationary risk looms on the horizon. The chart illustrates the transmission mechanism. It plots Thailand’s milled rice production (left axis) against Australia’s Southern Oscillation Index (right axis), a well-established barometer of El Niño and La Niña conditions. The convention is straightforward: SOI readings persistently above +8 indicate La Niña, associated with above-average rainfall across Southeast Asia and broadly supportive crop conditions; readings persistently below -8 signal El Niño, which brings drought stress and reduced water availability across the region. The historical relationship is striking. The sharp negative SOI troughs around 2002–03, 2009–10 and most dramatically around 2015 all coincide with visible falls in Thai milled rice output. The severe El Niño of 2014–16 produced both the deepest SOI trough in the series and the sharpest single drop in rice production, to below 24,000 thousand tonnes. As meteorological authorities have been warning for some time, the world appears to be facing an imminent Super El Niño event, with the SOI already drifting back towards negative territory in recent months. Were a significant El Niño to materialise in the second half of this year, the implications for Thai rice output — and by extension for Asian food price inflation — could be substantial. Central bankers, in other words, may find themselves having to wrestle with a new inflationary impulse just as they had begun to hope the worst was behind them.

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The mood in global financial markets this week is more settled, though “settled” should not be confused with resolved. The US-Iran memorandum of understanding, signed last week, has continued to do its work: oil prices have fallen further, Strait of Hormuz shipping traffic has picked up measurably, and the risk premium that had been embedded in energy markets since the conflict escalated in March is now visibly unwinding. That is a material development for the inflation outlook, and central bankers will be watching carefully. Yet the picture is not without its complications. Technology stocks — the most conspicuous beneficiary of the prevailing low-rate, high-growth narrative — have been subject to renewed jitters this week, as investors grow more attentive to stretched valuations and the implications of a Federal Reserve that, under new chair Kevin Warsh, is no longer signalling the easing cycle previously priced into markets. Against this backdrop, this week’s charts draw on the latest data to assess where the global economic cycle stands. Equity momentum outside the United States has tracked closely with global growth and inflation surprises, a correlation that tells us something important about how activity is being perceived (chart 1). Meanwhile, the breakdown of the previously tight relationship between oil prices and US two-year yields is arguably one of the more telling market signals of recent weeks (chart 2). June’s flash PMI surveys point to easing supply chain stress and softer output price inflation in manufacturing — a finding that chimes naturally with lower crude prices and the resumption of Hormuz flows (chart 3). The Strait of Hormuz itself deserves a closer look: traffic data and the mechanics of the oil price pullback are telling a coherent story that supports the PMI picture (chart 4). South Korea’s trade data, including semiconductors, offer a slightly softer read on global demand momentum at the margin (chart 5). And looming on the horizon, one new risk is drawing the attention of meteorological authorities: a Super El Niño event whose probability has been rising, with potentially significant implications for food commodity prices and Asian agriculture (chart 6).

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Economy in Brief

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Japan's "TANKAN" Steady at Higher Readings; High Investment Forecast Adds to Expectations of Hike in BoJ Interest Rate

U.S. Construction Spending Off Again

ISM Index Disappointing Again in June, but Orders Up

ISM Index Disappointing Again in June, but Orders Up

Japan Employment Hesitates, But Remains High; Unemployment Rate at 8-Year Low

U.S. Consumers' Spirits Rose Further as Inflation Expectations Fell

U.S. Personal Income Firm, Prices Tame

U.S. Personal Income Firm, Prices Tame