Tom Moeller

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070131d.jpg" width="353">
The employment cost index for private industry workers increased 0.8% last quarter. That was less than the 1.0% rise expected by the Consensus, but during the latter part of 2006 the increases clearly accelerated versus the prior year.
For the full year 2006, the ECI grew 3.1% versus a 3.0% gain during 2005.
Wages &amp; salaries grew 0.7% after a 0.8% 3Q rise. The full year saw an acceleration to 3.1% growth from 2.5% in 2005 and that was the fastest since 2001. Factory sector wages grew 0.7% (NSA, 2.3% y/y) and wages in the service-producing industries also grew 0.7% (3.3% y/y), the fastest in three years.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070131e.jpg" width="353">
Benefit costs in private industry sustained the prior strong 3Q gain and grew 1.0% reflecting a 1.1% (3.7% y/y) surge in service industries.
The 12-month gain in health insurance benefits was stable at 4.9% but that was down from a 6.4% increase during 2005, a 7.3% rise during 2004 and a 10.5% 2003 rise.
To view the latest release with all the industry detail visit BLS <a href="http://www.bls.gov/news.release/eci.nr0.htm">site</a>.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
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<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@EB/@EB08/@EB08.HTM">ECI- Private Industry Workers</a></th>
<th scope="col">4Q &#39;06</th>
<th scope="col">3Q &#39;06</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2006</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Compensation</td>
<td>0.8%</td>
<td>0.9%</td>
<td>3.1%</td>
<td>3.1%</td>
<td>3.0%</td>
<td>3.7%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Wages &amp; Salaries</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>0.8%</td>
<td>3.1%</td>
<td>3.1%</td>
<td>2.5%</td>
<td>2.7%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Benefit Costs</td>
<td>1.0%</td>
<td>1.0%</td>
<td>3.1%</td>
<td>3.1%</td>
<td>4.0%</td>
<td>6.6%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
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The employment cost index for private industry workers increased 0.8% last quarter. That was less than the 1.0% rise expected by the Consensus, but during the latter part of 2006 the increases clearly accelerated versus the prior [...]

Employment Cost Index Remained Firm

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070131a.jpg" width="353">
U.S. real GDP grew 3.5% (AR) last quarter. It was both the fastest growth since 1Q06 and beat Consensus expectations for a 3.0% rise. The yearend figure raised growth for the full year to 3.4%, slightly ahead of 3.2% during 2005.
A 1.6 percentage point contribution to growth from an improved net export deficit was the largest contribution from foreign trade in ten years. It came due to a 2.4% (9.2% y/y) gain in exports while imports fell 3.2% (+3.1% y/y).<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070131b.jpg" width="353">
Final sales to domestic purchasers managed a respectable 2.4% gain despite a 19.2% (-12.6% y/y) drop in residential investment. That was the largest shortfall since early 1991. Personal consumption expenditures grew 4.4% (3.7% y/y) as spending on furniture &amp; household equipment soared 15.1% (11.7% y/y).
Nonresidential fixed investment fell 0.4% (6.8% y/y) after a 10.% gain the prior quarter. Spending in each sector fell except for information processing equipment which rose a slight 1.8% (7.8% y/y) after a 10.0% jump during 3Q.
Reduced inventory accumulation subtracted 0.7 percentage points to 4Q GDP after positive contributions during the prior two quarters.<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070131c.jpg" width="353">
The GDP chain price index rose just 1.5%, its weakest quarterly advance since early 2003. The gain was restrained by a decline (-0.8%, +1.9% y/y) in the PCE chain price index which fell not only because of lower energy prices but lower durable goods prices as well. The services chain price index rose 3.4% (3.15 y/y), its fastest gain in a year. Less food &amp; energy the PCE chain price index grew 2.1% (2.3% y/y).
Milton Friedman on Inflation from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis is available <a href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/mt/20070101/cover.pdf">here</a>.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
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<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@E7/@E701/@E701.HTM">Chained 2000$, % AR</a></th>
<th scope="col">4Q &#39;06</th>
<th scope="col">3Q &#39;06</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2006</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">GDP</td>
<td>3.5%</td>
<td>2.0%</td>
<td>3.4%</td>
<td>3.4%</td>
<td>3.2%</td>
<td>3.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Inventory Effect</td>
<td>-0.7%</td>
<td>0.1%</td>
<td>-0.1%</td>
<td>0.3%</td>
<td>-0.3%</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Final Sales</td>
<td>4.2%</td>
<td>1.9%</td>
<td>3.5%</td>
<td>3.1%</td>
<td>3.5%</td>
<td>3.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Foreign Trade Effect</td>
<td>1.6%</td>
<td>-0.2%</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>0.1%</td>
<td>-0.1%</td>
<td>-0.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Domestic Final Demand</td>
<td>2.4%</td>
<td>2.0%</td>
<td>2.8%</td>
<td>3.0%</td>
<td>3.6%</td>
<td>4.0%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Chained GDP Price Index</td>
<td>1.5%</td>
<td>1.9%</td>
<td>2.5%</td>
<td>2.9%</td>
<td>3.0%</td>
<td>2.8%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


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U.S. real GDP grew 3.5% (AR) last quarter. It was both the fastest growth since 1Q06 and beat Consensus expectations for a 3.0% rise. The yearend figure raised growth for the full year to 3.4%, slightly ahead of 3.2% during 2005. A [...]

US 4Q GDP Growth Firmer Than Expected

Louise Curley

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130d.jpg" width="353">
The economic news out of Japan is ambiguous. Production and exports are strong, employment, retail sales and family living expenditures are weak. The yen has depreciated sharply in recent weeks against the euro and the dollar. The yen is, currently, at its lowest point against the Euro since the introduction of the Euro in 1999.
Japanese industrial production made a new record in December, 2006 at 109.5 (2000=100), exceeding previous peak levels reached in 1991, 1997 and 2000 as can be seen in the first chart.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130e.jpg" width="353">
The strength in the production sector has not come from domestic consumer demand but, rather, from export demand. The second chart compares the index of retail trade and the value index of exports, both with a base of (2000=100). The index of retail sales was 92.0 in December, down from 92.2 in November and from 92,7 in December, 2005, while the value index of exports was 161.79 up 5.0% from November and 9.84% from December, 2005. Expenditures
Part of the sluggishness in retail trade is due to the relatively slow growth in employment. The third chart compares retail sales with total employment. There is a good correlation between the two series--.92. Although employment in December was 0.7% above the year ago figure it was 0.5% below November, 2006. Moreover, the unemployment rate rose by one percentage point to 4.1% in December.
Depreciations of the yen against the Euro and the U.S. dollar have stimulated the demand for exports. The very rapid depreciation of the yen in recent weeks is shown in the fourth chart.<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130f.jpg" width="353"><img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130g.jpg" width="353">

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol">&nbsp;</th>
<th scope="col">Dec&nbsp; 06</th>
<th scope="col">Nov 06</th>
<th scope="col">Dec 05</th>
<th scope="col">M/M %</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y%</th>
<th scope="col">2006</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Industrial Production (2000=100)</td>
<td>109.5</td>
<td>108.7</td>
<td>104.9</td>
<td>0.74</td>
<td>4.39</td>
<td>105.9</td>
<td>101.6</td>
<td>100.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol"> Exports </td>
<td>161.7</td>
<td>154.0</td>
<td>147.21</td>
<td>5.00</td>
<td>9.84</td>
<td>145.70</td>
<td>127.10</td>
<td>118.42</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Retail Trade</td>
<td>92.0</td>
<td>92.2</td>
<td>92.7</td>
<td>-0.22</td>
<td>-0.76</td>
<td>93.1</td>
<td>93.0</td>
<td>91.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Family Living Expenditures</td>
<td>92.8</td>
<td>93.8</td>
<td>94.0</td>
<td>-1.01</td>
<td>-1.31</td>
<td>93.0</td>
<td>94.8</td>
<td>95.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Employment (millions)</td>
<td>63.83</td>
<td>64.15</td>
<td>63.41</td>
<td>-0.50</td>
<td>0.66</td>
<td>63.83</td>
<td>63.57</td>
<td>63.29</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Unemployment Rate (%)</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>0.1</td>
<td>-0.3</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>4.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
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The economic news out of Japan is ambiguous. Production and exports are strong, employment, retail sales and family living expenditures are weak. The yen has depreciated sharply in recent weeks against the euro and the dollar. The yen [...]

No Clear Direction for the Japanese Economy in Recent Statistics

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130a.jpg" width="353">
The International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)-UBS survey indicated that chain store sales last week reversed all of the increases during the prior four weeks with a 0.9% decline.
Nevertheless, the average level of chain store sales in January is up a notably firm 2.8% from the prior month.
During the last ten years there has been a 45% correlation between the y/y change in chain store sales and the change in nonauto retail sales less gasoline.
The ICSC-UBS retail chain-store sales index is constructed using the same-store sales (stores open for one year) reported by 78 stores of seven retailers: Dayton Hudson, Federated, Kmart, May, J.C. Penney, Sears and Wal-Mart.
The leading indicator of chain store sales from ICSC-UBS also gave back all of the gains during the prior two weeks with a 1.1% decline and for the month is 0.4% below December.
Access to Credit is the latest International Economic Trends from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and it is available <a href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/iet/20070201/cover.pdf"> here</a>.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/surveyw/@S2/@S2.HTM">ICSC-UBS (SA, 1977=100)</a></th>
<th scope="col">1/27/07</th>
<th scope="col">1/20/06</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2006</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Total Weekly Chain Store Sales</td>
<td>476.4</td>
<td>480.9</td>
<td>4.9%</td>
<td>3.3%</td>
<td>3.6%</td>
<td>4.7%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


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The International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)-UBS survey indicated that chain store sales last week reversed all of the increases during the prior four weeks with a 0.9% decline. Nevertheless, the average level of chain store [...]

Weekly Chain Store Sales Reversed Prior Gains

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130b.jpg" width="353">
Consumer confidence increased a modest 0.3% in January, according to the Conference Board Survey, following an upwardly revised 4.5% December gain. The increase was to the highest level since March 2002.
The reading of present conditions rose a firmer 2.6% after the 4.1% December increase as the percentage of respondents who viewed business conditions as good rose to 28.1%, the highest since last May. The percentage who viewed jobs as plentiful also rose to 29.9%, the highest since 2001. <img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130c.jpg" width="353">
Expectations, however, reversed nearly half of the December gain with a 1.9% decline. Expectations about future income fell the hardest, offset by an uptick in expected employment conditions.
The expected inflation rate in twelve months ticked lower to 4.7%, that was versus expectations during all of last year for a 5.1% rate of inflation in twelve months.
Monetary Policy Inertia and Recent Fed Actions from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco can be found <a href="http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2007/el2007-03.pdf"> here</a>. 

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol">Conference Board &nbsp;(SA, 1985=100)</th>
<th scope="col">January</th>
<th scope="col">December</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2006</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Consumer Confidence Index</td>
<td>110.3</td>
<td>110.0</td>
<td>3.3%</td>
<td>105.9</td>
<td>100.3</td>
<td>96.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Present Conditions</td>
<td>133.9</td>
<td>130.5</td>
<td>4.0%</td>
<td>130.</td>
<td>116.1</td>
<td>94.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Expectations</td>
<td>94.5</td>
<td>96.3</td>
<td>2.6%</td>
<td>89.7</td>
<td>89.7</td>
<td>96.9</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


</html>

Consumer confidence increased a modest 0.3% in January, according to the Conference Board Survey, following an upwardly revised 4.5% December gain. The increase was to the highest level since March 2002. The reading of present [...]

Consumer Confidence Rose Slightly, Highest Since 2002

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130b.jpg" width="353">
Consumer confidence increased a modest 0.3% in January, according to the Conference Board Survey, following an upwardly revised 4.5% December gain. The increase was to the highest level since March 2002.
The reading of present conditions rose a firmer 2.6% after the 4.1% December increase as the percentage of respondents who viewed business conditions as good rose to 28.1%, the highest since last May. The percentage who viewed jobs as plentiful also rose to 29.9%, the highest since 2001. <img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130c.jpg" width="353">
Expectations, however, reversed nearly half of the December gain with a 1.9% decline. Expectations about future income fell the hardest, offset by an uptick in expected employment conditions.
The expected inflation rate in twelve months ticked lower to 4.7%, that was versus expectations during all of last year for a 5.1% rate of inflation in twelve months.
Monetary Policy Inertia and Recent Fed Actions from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco can be found <a href="http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2007/el2007-03.pdf"> here</a>. 

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol">Conference Board &nbsp;(SA, 1985=100)</th>
<th scope="col">January</th>
<th scope="col">December</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2006</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Consumer Confidence Index</td>
<td>110.3</td>
<td>110.0</td>
<td>3.3%</td>
<td>105.9</td>
<td>100.3</td>
<td>96.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Present Conditions</td>
<td>133.9</td>
<td>130.5</td>
<td>4.0%</td>
<td>130.</td>
<td>116.1</td>
<td>94.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Expectations</td>
<td>94.5</td>
<td>96.3</td>
<td>2.6%</td>
<td>89.7</td>
<td>89.7</td>
<td>96.9</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Weekly Chain Store Sales Reversed Prior Gains 
by <a href="/comment/Moeller.html">Tom Moeller</a> January 30, 2007


<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130a.jpg" width="353">
The International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)-UBS survey indicated that chain store sales last week reversed all of the increases during the prior four weeks with a 0.9% decline.
Nevertheless, the average level of chain store sales in January is up a notably firm 2.8% from the prior month.
During the last ten years there has been a 45% correlation between the y/y change in chain store sales and the change in nonauto retail sales less gasoline.
The ICSC-UBS retail chain-store sales index is constructed using the same-store sales (stores open for one year) reported by 78 stores of seven retailers: Dayton Hudson, Federated, Kmart, May, J.C. Penney, Sears and Wal-Mart.
The leading indicator of chain store sales from ICSC-UBS also gave back all of the gains during the prior two weeks with a 1.1% decline and for the month is 0.4% below December.
Access to Credit is the latest International Economic Trends from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and it is available <a href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/iet/20070201/cover.pdf"> here</a>.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/surveyw/@S2/@S2.HTM">ICSC-UBS (SA, 1977=100)</a></th>
<th scope="col">1/27/07</th>
<th scope="col">1/20/06</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2006</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Total Weekly Chain Store Sales</td>
<td>476.4</td>
<td>480.9</td>
<td>4.9%</td>
<td>3.3%</td>
<td>3.6%</td>
<td>4.7%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
No Clear Direction for the Japanese Economy in Recent  Statistics 
by <a href="/comment/Curley.html">Louise Curley</a> January 30, 2007


<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130d.jpg" width="353">
The economic news out of Japan is ambiguous. Production and exports are strong, employment, retail sales and family living expenditures are weak. The yen has depreciated sharply in recent weeks against the euro and the dollar. The yen is, currently, at its lowest point against the Euro since the introduction of the Euro in 1999.
Japanese industrial production made a new record in December, 2006 at 109.5 (2000=100), exceeding previous peak levels reached in 1991, 1997 and 2000 as can be seen in the first chart.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130e.jpg" width="353">
The strength in the production sector has not come from domestic consumer demand but, rather, from export demand. The second chart compares the index of retail trade and the value index of exports, both with a base of (2000=100). The index of retail sales was 92.0 in December, down from 92.2 in November and from 92,7 in December, 2005, while the value index of exports was 161.79 up 5.0% from November and 9.84% from December, 2005. Expenditures
Part of the sluggishness in retail trade is due to the relatively slow growth in employment. The third chart compares retail sales with total employment. There is a good correlation between the two series--.92. Although employment in December was 0.7% above the year ago figure it was 0.5% below November, 2006. Moreover, the unemployment rate rose by one percentage point to 4.1% in December.
Depreciations of the yen against the Euro and the U.S. dollar have stimulated the demand for exports. The very rapid depreciation of the yen in recent weeks is shown in the fourth chart.<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130f.jpg" width="353"><img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070130g.jpg" width="353">

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol">&nbsp;</th>
<th scope="col">Dec&nbsp; 06</th>
<th scope="col">Nov 06</th>
<th scope="col">Dec 05</th>
<th scope="col">M/M %</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y%</th>
<th scope="col">2006</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Industrial Production (2000=100)</td>
<td>109.5</td>
<td>108.7</td>
<td>104.9</td>
<td>0.74</td>
<td>4.39</td>
<td>105.9</td>
<td>101.6</td>
<td>100.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol"> Exports </td>
<td>161.7</td>
<td>154.0</td>
<td>147.21</td>
<td>5.00</td>
<td>9.84</td>
<td>145.70</td>
<td>127.10</td>
<td>118.42</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Retail Trade</td>
<td>92.0</td>
<td>92.2</td>
<td>92.7</td>
<td>-0.22</td>
<td>-0.76</td>
<td>93.1</td>
<td>93.0</td>
<td>91.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Family Living Expenditures</td>
<td>92.8</td>
<td>93.8</td>
<td>94.0</td>
<td>-1.01</td>
<td>-1.31</td>
<td>93.0</td>
<td>94.8</td>
<td>95.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Employment (millions)</td>
<td>63.83</td>
<td>64.15</td>
<td>63.41</td>
<td>-0.50</td>
<td>0.66</td>
<td>63.83</td>
<td>63.57</td>
<td>63.29</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Unemployment Rate (%)</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>0.1</td>
<td>-0.3</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td>4.4</td>
<td>4.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070129c.jpg" width="353">
Expectations of business conditions in Norway and Sweden improved in the latest surveys. The data for manufacturing in Norway are expressed in the form of a diffusion index and are reported quarterly. The data for manufacturing in Sweden are expressed in terms of percent balances and are reported monthly.
Both the appraisals of current production and expectations for the next three months are especially strong in Norway. The index for current production reached a peak of 61.1 in the first quarter of 2006, declined in the second quarter to 59.9. but rose in the third quarter to 60.1 and again in the fourth quarter to 60.4. The previous peak in the last ten years was 60.4 in the third quarter of 1997. The index for expectations in the fourth quarter was 62.8 and is the highest value since the fourth quarter of 1997 when the index was 62.4. The first chart shows the diffusion indexes for current and expected production in Norway.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/070129d.jpg" width="353">
Sweden has expectations data for January figure but not current production data. Partly for this reason and also for comparability with Norway, we have aggregated the data for Sweden on a quarterly basis. The second chart shows the percent balances for current and expected production for Sweden on a quarterly basis. While the excess of optimists over pessimists regarding current production declined by 3 percentage points in the fourth quarter, the excess of optimists over pessimists regarding expectations increased by 5 percentage points. According to the January figure for expected production the excess of optimists over pessimists was 19%. 

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol">SURVEYS OF MANUFACTURING&nbsp;</th>
<th scope="col">4Q 06</th>
<th scope="col">3Q 06</th>
<th scope="col">4Q 05</th>
<th scope="col">Q/Q&nbsp;Dif</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y Dif</th>
<th scope="col">2006</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Norway (Diffusion Index)</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp;Current Production</td>
<td>60.4</td>
<td>60.1</td>
<td>61.0</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td>-0.6</td>
<td>60.4</td>
<td>58.8</td>
<td>56.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Expectations 3 Months Ahead</td>
<td>62.8</td>
<td>62.0</td>
<td>62.2</td>
<td>0.8</td>
<td>0.6</td>
<td>61.7</td>
<td>60.5</td>
<td>58.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol"> Sweden (Percent Balance) </td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp;Current Production</td>
<td>26.0</td>
<td>29</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>-3</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>29</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Expectations 3 Months Ahead</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>26</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>-4</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>32</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Expectations of business conditions in Norway and Sweden improved in the latest surveys. The data for manufacturing in Norway are expressed in the form of a diffusion index and are reported quarterly. The data for manufacturing in [...]

Business Confidence Improves in Norway and Sweden: a New High in Norway

US and China big leaders in adoption of AI models

Robust US demand for advanced technology products

China's export growth rotating away from the US

More pronounced upward revisions in countries more exposed to AI investment

Stable job openings and hiring rates point to cautious hiring

Global freight costs are on the rise while supply chain pressures are contained

Accelerating positive economic surprises in the G10 are boosting the global economy

Considerably more monetary ease expected from US and UK as Japan tightens

Tighter US immigration enforcement adversely impacting labor force

Economic policy uncertainty, while still elevated, is declining

Gradual disinflation and easier monetary policies across advanced economies

Largest October layoffs since 2003, led by technology

Subdued global shipping costs not yet pointing to supply chain problems

PMIs show still-elevated but slowing US inflation

AI boosting US investment in data centers

US productivity growth has been significantly faster than in other major economies

Consumers' short-term US inflation expectations still elevated while longer-term expectations of financial markets are steady

US financial markets have gotten used to elevated policy uncertainty

FOMC now expects more rate cuts going forward than in June

China gaining ASEAN exports while US exports slump

Job openings less than the number unemployed in July for first time since 2021

Reaccelerating goods price inflation along with sticky services inflation clouds the outlook

Falling oil prices aren't pulling down inflation expectations, pointing to a boost from increased tariffs

Equity market exuberance outpacing macroeconomic data

Apart from Japan, Blue Chip forecasters expect further sizable monetary easing

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Tian Yong Woon

In our Letter this week, we explore Asia in two parts. The first reviews key developments from the past week, focusing on snap election outcomes in Japan (chart 1) and Thailand (chart 2), both of which delivered victories for incumbent parties and helped reduce near-term political uncertainty.

The second, and larger, section builds on last week’s discussion of Asia and AI, shifting the focus to AI’s potential impact on the region from an end-user perspective. On the upside, Asia stands to benefit meaningfully from the eventual large-scale adoption of AI-powered robotics, reflecting the region’s relatively high share of manufacturing value added (chart 3). That said, important considerations remain, including the cost viability of transitioning towards humanoid robotics given the sizeable upfront capital expenditure involved. Beyond manufacturing, AI adoption could also deliver gains in healthcare, particularly as many Asian economies grapple with ageing populations—implying a growing care burden alongside a shrinking domestic caregiver base (chart 4). However, regulatory, ethical, and implementation challenges persist. 

At the same time, the AI transition will likely displace certain jobs, making this a race not only of adoption but of adaptability, where education—while an imperfect proxy—offers some insight into which economies may be better positioned to adjust (chart 5). Finally, bureaucratic frictions also matter (chart 6), although even traditionally more bureaucratic economies have begun introducing fast-track frameworks to avoid falling behind in what could prove to be a pivotal transition reshaping the regional, and potentially global, economic landscape.

**Japan’s snap election**
Following a snap election held on Sunday, Japanese Prime Minister Takaichi’s Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) secured a historic landslide victory, winning a more than two-thirds majority in Japan’s 456-seat Lower House. The LDP’s coalition partner, the Japan Innovation Party, also expanded its presence to 36 seats. The outcome suggests that Takaichi’s political gamble to capitalise on strong opinion polling has paid off. While the election result has removed a key source of near-term political uncertainty for Japan, attention now turns to the policy agenda enabled by the government’s newly strengthened mandate. Among the first expected moves, Takaichi appears set to proceed with a temporary food tax pause, reducing the 8% consumption tax on food to 0% for two years. This proposal reinforces the perception that her policy stance is fiscally accommodative, even as critics raise concerns around fiscal discipline and long-term sustainability. As for the market reaction, Japanese equities rallied on stimulus expectations, bond yields rose on prospects of increased issuance to fund higher spending, while the yen recorded only muted net moves (chart 1)—prompting some speculation that some intervention may have taken place.

260210T1.jpg

**Thailand’s snap election**
Thailand also held snap elections last Sunday, which saw the incumbent deliver a strong showing at the polls. Unlike Japan’s election outcome, however, the scale of the increase in the incumbent Bhumjaithai (BJT) Party’s parliamentary footprint came as a surprise to many observers. That said, despite these sizable gains, the BJT Party fell short of an outright majority, securing 193 of the 500 seats in parliament, implying that a coalition government will likely still be required to pass legislation smoothly. Thai equities and the baht nevertheless rallied on the election results (chart 2). Attention now turns to whether—and how—Prime Minister Anutin will follow through on key campaign promises, including the revival of a popular shopping subsidy programme. While such measures would provide a near-term boost to consumption, they would also raise concerns around fiscal sustainability. Beyond the parliamentary vote, Thai voters also approved a proposal to replace the constitution. If pursued, this could pave the way for deeper structural reforms to Thailand’s economy.

260210T2.jpg

**AI’s (potential) impact on Asia**
We now turn to the longer, second part of this week’s letter, where we examine AI’s potential impact on Asia. In contrast to last week’s discussion, the focus here is on Asia’s role as an end-user of AI, rather than its position within the global AI supply chain. While AI broadly promises substantial productivity gains if deeply embedded across economies, one sector where Asia may benefit disproportionately is manufacturing. This reflects the relatively high share of manufacturing value added in GDP across many Asian economies compared with the global average (chart 3). In particular, Asia stands to reap significant productivity gains through the widespread adoption of AI-powered robotics. Cost, however, remains a key consideration: relative to the overall cost of human labour, AI-enabled robots have yet to become unequivocally competitive once high upfront capital outlays are taken into account. That said, recent advances in humanoid, AI-enabled robots have demonstrated increasingly broad and sophisticated capabilities in replicating human tasks, including delicate and precision operations. Over time, this could meaningfully alleviate a persistent structural challenge facing many advanced Asian economies—ageing populations and the associated labour constraints.

260210T3.jpg

Digging deeper into the ageing population challenge faced by many Asian economies, another area where AI and robotics could play a meaningful role is healthcare. Ageing societies face a twin burden: a rising number of elderly individuals requiring care alongside a shrinking pool of working-age caregivers, absent offsetting labour inflows. One proxy for this imbalance is the old-age dependency, which, as shown in chart 4, is already relatively high in several Asian economies, including China, Japan, and South Korea. That said, adoption remains at a very early stage. Significant barriers to widespread deployment persist, including regulatory and ethical considerations, high implementation costs, and questions around the consistency, reliability, and safety of AI-enabled systems in delivering healthcare-related tasks.

260210T4.jpg

**Asia’s challenges in AI adoption**
That said, the outlook is not entirely positive for Asia in the context of widespread AI adoption. As with previous waves of transformative technology, AI will inevitably render some jobs—at least in their current form—obsolete, even as it creates new roles and reshapes others. This implies that many Asian economies will need to navigate a significant structural adjustment in their labour markets, as certain types of work are displaced while demand for new skill sets emerges. How effectively Asia manages this transition will be critical in determining whether its economies move ahead of—or fall behind—the global shift towards AI. At present, and using education quality as a rough proxy, some Asian economies appear better positioned to manage this adjustment than others. As illustrated in chart 5, economies such as China, Singapore, Japan, and South Korea seem relatively well placed to absorb and adapt to the coming changes. That said, education quality is only an imperfect indicator. Other factors will also matter, including the capacity to rapidly retool and reskill the workforce, as well as the inclusiveness of the transition. Ensuring that lower-skilled and more vulnerable segments of society are not left behind will be an important determinant of the long-term economic and social outcomes of AI adoption across the region.

260210T5.jpg

Another potential hurdle relates to bureaucratic costs, which—when elevated—can act as a meaningful source of friction in the adoption of new AI-driven technologies. On this front, some Asian economies stand out for having comparatively low bureaucratic burdens, notably Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea, while others, such as Vietnam, the Philippines, and China, tend to lag (chart 6). That said, as with many broad-based indicators, this picture masks important nuances. Several of these economies have introduced industry-specific—particularly AI-focused—fast-tracking initiatives aimed at accelerating development within targeted domestic sectors. Even so, in an increasingly competitive and intensifying global race to adopt AI and capture its economic upside, we may see a growing tendency toward an “adopt first, regulate later” approach in the years ahead. This is likely to persist unless and until major incidents or heightened concerns emerge that materially slow the pace of AI adoption.

260210T6.jpg

Asia

Economic Letter from Asia: Of Ballots and Bots

Robert Brusca

260209E.jpg

Japan's economy watchers index has flattened out and backed off slightly for the current and future outlooks depending on the time horizon that you seek. However, what's clear is that the index reached the low point around the middle of last year, has been rebounding and now the rebound has either run out of gas or slowed after the index has rebuilt itself considerably.  

It is certainly too early to get pessimistic on Japan's economy, with Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi having just won a significant - essentially a landslide - snap election that she called after recently having been elected. The LDP would appear to be back in the driver's seat, and she has her sights set on more fiscal stimulus and expanded military spending. She is apparently much more on the same wavelength as Donald Trump in the United States. Mr. Trump was an Abe supporter, and Ms. Takaichi is a disciple of Mr. Abe.

At the moment, Japan would seem to have a groundswell of support behind the government and that government is set to try to rekindle some growth which could potentially put the Bank of Japan in a more decisively defensive track as far as setting rates and potentially raising rates.

**Economy watchers index is trending**
In January, the economy watchers index backed off for the second month in a row. However, it still has a percentile standing in its 51-percentile, slightly above its median standing since early-2005. The headline and all the components have standings above their respective 50th percentiles on this timeline, with the exception of housing, services, and employment; three readings that are extremely important to consumers. Housing has a 26.1 percentile standing, services (the employment sector) have a 45.8 percentile standing, while employment has a 22.9 percentile standing. Despite the otherwise solid and strong set of readings, there are these three significant flies in the ointment. Corporate Japan is doing extremely well with corporations having a 66.8 percentile standing; manufacturers and nonmanufacturers, separately, each come in with readings in their mid-to-upper 60th percentiles.

**The future index**
The future readings from the economy watchers index show continued but slight increases over the last few months. Only two future readings weaken month-to-month: housing and employment—once again two key readings as far as consumers are concerned. However, in terms of current monthly diffusion readings, the assessment of households, retailing, housing, and employment all have current diffusion values below 50, indicating net declines rather than increases. The percentile standing is for the future index are, like those for the current index, generally upbeat - and generally stronger than for the current indexes - with the future headline posting a 66.4 percentile standing in January. However, like the current index, the standing for housing is at its 21.3 percentile and the standing for employment is at its 30th percentile, both well below the neutral level that would place the ranking at the 50th percentile. Corporations show high readings, higher for the future indexes than for the current index standings. There also are high readings and standings for eating and drinking places as well as services. It's good to see services come up with a strong rating since it creates hope for the future for employment because services are the core employment sector. It will be interesting to see how this value changes in the coming months as Takaichi’s new policies are implemented and take hold.

**Summing up**
On balance, the economy watchers index has been firm to strong. There is some slight give-back in the current index in terms of trend. But beyond the index, there's more immediate reason to be more positive because Japan has just executed a very decisive and pro-growth snap election that is going to put the new Prime Minister Takaichi and strong control of the economy at a time where she seeks to cement economic strength. These elections were just completed over the weekend, and we will see the results reflected in data in the weeks and months to come.

260209.jpg

Japan

Economy Watchers Indexes Show Firmness; Impact of Takaichi Election to Come in Months Ahead

260206E.jpg

With the December report, Germany’s production and some of the early European industrial production data reveal a good deal of chaos in terms of the embedded trends. On the month, German industrial production fell by 1.9%, with consumer goods output up by 0.5%, capital goods output falling by 5.3%, and intermediate goods output falling by 1.2%. Among the early reporters in the monetary union—France, Spain, and Portugal—only Spain showed an increase in manufacturing IP in December; however, Spanish industrial production is notoriously volatile.

**Broader IP trends in Germany and elsewhere in Europe**
As for other early industrial production reporters, both Sweden and Norway showed strong-to-solid gains in December and each of them showed two-months of gains in a row. Beyond that, sequential growth rates from 12-months to six-months to three-months show accelerating growth in German consumer goods output against decelerating growth for intermediate goods. Real manufacturing output and real sales show mixed results- no clear trends; however, real manufacturing orders in Germany are off the map strong. 

**German manufacturing/industrial Surveys**
German industrial surveys from the IFO for manufacturing shows persistent weakening as well as for IFO manufacturing expectations, and in the EU Commission industrial index in the last three months. More broadly, Germany shows some modest but ongoing step up all of these based on average levels from 12-months to six-months to three-months for IFO expectations and the EU Commission industrial readings with mixed results for other survey readings.

**IP trends in Europe**
For the early reporting EMU members France, Spain, and Portugal, who report industrial production trends, each show mixed monthly trends against ongoing decelerations for manufacturing output over the broader sequential periods (12-month, to 6-month, to 3-month). However, for other Europe, Sweden and Norway, manufacturing trends are steadily accelerating on this broader timeline.

**A feeling of ‘Deja- What?’**
These combinations of opposed trends mixed with a lack of trends leave us with this sense of confusion about what's going on in manufacturing. For Germany, the extreme strength in orders is reassuring since orders should be forward-looking rather than backward-looking or even contemporaneous. But orders can also be a fickle series and so we'll have to watch it to see if the trends for German orders hold up.

**Current quarter-What’s been happening now**
In addition, current quarter growth for Germany actually looks quite good with industrial production up 3.7% at an annual rate in the current quarter, led by output increases in manufacturing against a decline in the intermediate goods output. Real orders in the quarter are surging at a 44% growth rate, while real sales in manufacturing only had a 0.1% uptick at an annual rate. The industrial indicators for Germany in the quarter show weakness or flatness with the only exception being IFO manufacturing expectations that advanced by a small amount. The three EMU members who report industrial production data show positive growth in the just-completed quarter except for Portugal where industrial production is falling at a 2.9% rate in the fourth quarter. Sweden and Norway, European countries but not monetary union members, show a strong 22% annual rate gain in Sweden against the 3% annual rate decline in Norway.

260206.jpg

**Rankings**
**How growth rates stack up…**
Moving away from short-term trends, the rankings of growth rates of these various metrics using 12-month growth rates on data back to 2006, show below-median growth rates for German industrial production and all three of its major sectors. All of them have rankings below the 50% mark where the median resides. Germany’s manufacturing output growth rate is below its median as is the growth of real sales; and once again real manufacturing orders break out and show a stunning 90th percentile standing, extremely strong compared to other growth rates on this period.

**Indicator rankings are poor**
However, the survey based industrial indicators for Germany, ranked based on their index levels, are all extremely weak and much weaker than German sector or other German metrics. The strongest indicator reading is the 29th percentile standing for IFO manufacturing expectations while the current ZEW index, IFO manufacturing index, and the EU Commission industrial readings, all reside below their 15th percentile. The survey rankings suggest that industrial sentiment is in much worse shape than activity and growth.

**IP elsewhere in Europe**
However, the growth ranking of manufacturing industrial production for the reporting EMU members and other European members are all quite solid, with percentile standings ranging from the 66th up to the 93rd percentile.

**Summing up**
From these data, Germany emerges as the weak economy compared with historic norms based on industrial production growth and indicator readings. However, there's a glimpse of positivity from the growth of real orders, and at the same time, some concern about ongoing sentiment for manufacturing in Germany as distinct from actual performance.

Germany

German IP Reveals Chaotic Trends

Andrew Cates

**The Global Monetary Policy Consensus**
The latest Blue Chip Financial Forecasts survey points to a notably more balanced global monetary policy outlook over the coming year. In contrast to the pronounced easing bias that dominated much of the past two years, expectations are now more symmetric, with a similar number of central banks projected to raise rates as to ease policy. Japan is seen delivering further tightening, while Canada is expected to initiate an interest rate hike in coming months. In Australia’s case, this tightening guidance was reinforced this week, with the Reserve Bank lifting its policy rate by 25 basis points. Elsewhere, and in contrast, the euro area, UK and US are expected to move in the opposite direction.

260205Z1.jpg

**US manufacturing activity**
The second chart underscores the recent improvement in US economic momentum, highlighted by an unexpected surge in the January ISM manufacturing PMI. After spending much of the past year hovering below the 50 threshold consistent with stagnation, the index jumped sharply back into expansionary territory, signalling a renewed pickup in industrial activity. This rebound has coincided with a broader run of stronger-than-anticipated US economic data, as reflected in the upswing in the Citigroup Economic Surprise Index. Together, these developments point to a US economy that continues to display notable resilience, complicating expectations of monetary easing in the near term.

260205Z2.jpg

**US Bank Lending Standards and Financial Stress** 
The next chart turns to US financial conditions, highlighting the latest readings from the Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey. The net proportion of banks tightening lending standards on corporate loans and mortgages is now more modest by historical standards, and well below the extremes seen during past episodes of financial stress. Some easing in credit headwinds has occurred alongside relatively subdued readings on the OFR Financial Stress Index, which continues to hover below its long-run average. Together, these indicators suggest that the US financial system has continued to avoid the kind of acute stress typically associated with sharp slowdowns in credit availability—helping to underpin the recent resilience in economic activity.

260205Z3.jpg

**Semiconductor Sales**
The fourth chart highlights the renewed surge in global semiconductor sales, with momentum strengthening sharply over recent months across the Americas, China and the broader Asia-Pacific region. After the cyclical downturn in 2022–23, sales have rebounded to fresh highs, reflecting a powerful revival in demand for advanced chips and related technologies. This upswing has taken place amid intense investor preoccupation with artificial intelligence, with expectations that AI adoption will drive a sustained wave of capital spending on data centres, cloud infrastructure and high-performance computing. In contrast, semiconductor sales in Europe remain comparatively subdued, reflecting the region’s smaller footprint in high-end chip manufacturing, weaker industrial demand, and the ongoing impact of slower economic growth. While semiconductors are inherently cyclical, markets have increasingly interpreted the current rebound elsewhere as structural rather than purely cyclical—underpinned by the belief that AI represents a transformative and durable source of demand growth.

260205Z4.jpg

**Large-Scale AI Models**
The next chart illustrates the rapid proliferation of large-scale AI models globally, with newly updated data for 2025 pointing to a further sharp acceleration in development activity. The United States continues to lead by a wide margin, while China has also seen a steep rise in model deployment in recent years, underscoring the intensifying technological competition between the two economies. Growth in the UK and other regions has been more modest by comparison, highlighting the increasingly concentrated nature of AI innovation. Taken together with the surge in semiconductor sales, these trends help explain the market’s strong preoccupation with AI as a potential driver of future productivity and investment cycles—although the geographic concentration of activity also raises questions about the uneven distribution of any resulting economic gains.

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**An AI Bubble?** 
The final chart draws on the latest Blue Chip Financial Forecasts special questions, highlighting market participants’ perceptions of the economic gains likely to be delivered by artificial intelligence. While a sizeable share of respondents still believe that financial markets may be overestimating AI’s potential benefits, an increasing proportion now judge current expectations to be broadly accurate, with only a small minority viewing the gains as underestimated. Notably, this represents a softening in scepticism compared with the survey results from last month, when concerns about excessive market optimism were more pronounced. The shift suggests a growing acceptance that AI-related investment and innovation could translate into meaningful economic impacts—though uncertainty remains high around the scale, timing and distribution of these gains.

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Financial markets have experienced renewed gyrations in recent weeks, as shifting geopolitical risks, questions around Federal Reserve independence, renewed talk of US dollar “debasement,” and ongoing enthusiasm surrounding artificial intelligence have combined to drive volatility across asset classes. These cross-currents have also contributed to a degree of rotation away from high-flying technology stocks, as investors reassess valuations and the timing of anticipated AI-driven gains. Against this backdrop, the charts in this week’s COTW highlight several important themes. Policy rate expectations now appear more balanced globally, marking a clear shift away from the one-sided easing bias of the past two years (chart 1), even as resilient US data—underscored by the unexpected jump in the January ISM index and a run of positive economic surprises—continues to complicate the outlook for monetary easing (chart 2). At the same time, US financial conditions remain relatively benign, with limited evidence of widespread credit stress or aggressive tightening in lending standards (chart 3). Meanwhile, the sharp rebound in semiconductor sales and the accelerating rollout of large-scale AI models underscore why investors remain so focused on the AI narrative, even as Europe lags behind due to weaker industrial momentum and a smaller footprint in advanced chip production (charts 4 and 5). Finally, while some scepticism about AI’s ultimate economic impact persists, the latest survey results suggest a moderation in concerns that markets are materially overestimating its gains (chart 6). Taken together, these developments paint a picture of a US economy that remains more resilient than many had anticipated, set against a financial landscape increasingly shaped by powerful—if sometimes competing—narratives around geopolitics, policy, and technological transformation.

Charts of the Week: Balanced Policy, Resilient Data and AI Narratives

Winnie Tapasanun

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**Total job openings** fell 5.6% m/m (-12.9% y/y) to 6.542 million in December after a downwardly revised 7.0% decline to 6.928 million in November (previously -4.1% m/m; 7.146 million), according to the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey. December marked the third consecutive m/m fall and the lowest level since September 2020. The job openings rate declined to 3.9% in December, the lowest since April 2020, from 4.2% in November, remaining below a record-high 7.4% in March 2022. This rate is calculated as the ratio of job openings to total nonfarm employment plus openings. Significantly, the drop in job openings also lowered the **ratio of job openings to unemployed individuals** to 0.872 in December—the lowest since March 2021—from 0.890 in November, down from 1.085 in December 2024 and a pre-pandemic 1.211 in February 2020. A reading of 0.872 implies there were about 0.87 open jobs per unemployed person—indicating fewer openings than unemployed workers. December was the fifth time in six months that this ratio remained below 1.0.

**Private sector job openings** fell 6.8% (-12.5% y/y) to 5.804 million in December after a 6.6% fall to 6.227 million in November, registering the third successive m/m decline and the lowest level since September 2020. The private sector job openings rate fell to 4.1% in December, the lowest since April 2020, from 4.4% in November. The December m/m decline in private sector openings reflected drops of 27.7% (-36.9% y/y) in financial activities, 20.2% (-25.5% y/y) in professional & business services, 14.4% (-5.1% y/y) in trade, transportation & utilities, and 5.2% (-12.4% y/y) in private educational & health services. To the upside, private sector openings in the following categories rose m/m in December: other services (21.1%; 11.0% y/y), mining & lodging (17.6%; 0.0% y/y), information (13.5%; -4.7% y/y), manufacturing (8.5%; 0.5% y/y), leisure & hospitality (7.5%; -17.2% y/y), and construction (2.8%; 42.4% y/y). Meanwhile, government job openings rose 5.3% (-15.6% y/y) in December, the first m/m rise in three months, after a 10.6% drop in November.

**Total hiring** rebounded 3.4% (-1.5% y/y) to 5.293 million in December, the first m/m increase since September, following a 4.6% decrease to 5.121 million in November. The hiring rate edged up to 3.3% in December from 3.2% in November, though it remained below pre-pandemic levels. **Private sector hiring** rose 3.1% (-0.4% y/y) to 4.978 million in December, the third m/m rise in four months, after a 4.0% decline to 4.826 million in November. The private sector hiring rate rose to 3.7% in December from 3.5% in November, the same as in October and September. The December m/m increase in private sector hiring was led by a 32.1% jump (42.3% y/y) in information, followed by gains of 24.0% (-4.6% y/y) in financial activities, 23.5% (0.0% y/y) in mining & lodging, 6.5% (-4.8% y/y) in private educational & health services, 4.2% (-4.9% y/y) in trade, transportation & utilities, 3.6% (6.1% y/y) in construction, 3.4% (7.9% y/y) in leisure & hospitality, and 1.8% (-4.3% y/y) in manufacturing. To the downside, private sector hiring in professional & business services (-5.2%; +0.5% y/y) and other services (-4.3%; -16.5% y/y) declined m/m in December. Meanwhile, government hiring rebounded 6.4% (-16.3% y/y) in December, the first m/m rise since September, following a 13.5% drop in November.

**Total separations** rose 2.1% (3.3% y/y) to 5.251 million in December after a 1.5% rise to 5.144 million in November, marking the third m/m increase in four months and the highest level since September. The total separations rate edged up to 3.3% after holding at 3.2% in November and October. Private sector separations rose 1.6% (4.2% y/y) to 4.932 million in December, the highest level since June, while government sector separations jumped 10.4% (-9.1% y/y) to 319,000 following two consecutive m/m declines. **Total quits** (voluntary separations initiated by the employee) increased 0.3% (3.5% y/y) to 3.204 million in December, the third m/m rise in four months and the highest level since June, after a 7.4% rebound in November. The quits rate (a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs) held at 2.0% in December and November, slightly below 2.3% in February 2020. Private sector quits eased 0.2% (+4.5% y/y) following an 8.4% November rebound. **Layoffs and discharges** (involuntary separations initiated by the employer) increased 3.6% (5.6% y/y) to 1.762 million in December, up for the third time in four months, after an 8.1% drop in November. The layoffs & discharges rate remained at 1.1% in December and November, marginally below 1.3% in February 2020. Private sector layoffs grew 4.3% (7.8% y/y) following a 7.3% November decrease.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) data are available in Haver’s **USECON** database.

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- Job openings down 5.6% (-12.9% y/y) to 6.542 mil., third straight m/m decline.
- Hiring up 3.4% (-1.5% y/y) to 5.293 mil., first m/m increase since September.
- Separations rise to a three-month high; quits reach a six-month high; layoffs rebound.

Economy in Brief: 2007

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