Tom Moeller

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041026a.jpg" width="353">
The Conference Board&#146;s Index of Consumer Confidence fell a sharp 4.0% in October to 92.8. It was the third consecutive monthly decline and was to the lowest level since March. Consensus expectations had been for a reading of 93.5.
During the last twenty years there has been a 50% correlation between consumer confidence and the y/y change in real consumer spending.
The present situation index fell a moderate 1.2% (+40.6% y/y) for the third consecutive down month but the index of consumer expectations fell a sharp 5.8% to 92.0 (+0.5% y/y).
Jobs were viewed as hard to get by fewer survey participants, 27.8% versus 28.0% in September although 18.4% of participants expected fewer jobs in six months, the highest percentage since February.
The Conference Board&#146;s survey isconducted by a mailed questionnaire to 5,000 households and about 3,500 typically respond.

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<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@EF/@EF14/@EF1401/@EF1401.HTM">Conference Board</a></th>
<th scope="col">Oct</th>
<th scope="col">Sept</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
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</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Consumer Confidence</td>
<td>92.8</td>
<td>96.7</td>
<td>13.6%</td>
<td>79.8</td>
<td>96.6</td>
<td>106.6</td>
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</tbody>
</table>
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The Conference Boards Index of Consumer Confidence fell a sharp 4.0% in October to 92.8. It was the third consecutive monthly decline and was to the lowest level since March. Consensus expectations had been for a reading of 93.5. [...]

Consumer Confidence Down Sharply

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041026a.jpg" width="353">
The Conference Board&#146;s Index of Consumer Confidence fell a sharp 4.0% in October to 92.8. It was the third consecutive monthly decline and was to the lowest level since March. Consensus expectations had been for a reading of 93.5.
During the last twenty years there has been a 50% correlation between consumer confidence and the y/y change in real consumer spending.
The present situation index fell a moderate 1.2% (+40.6% y/y) for the third consecutive down month but the index of consumer expectations fell a sharp 5.8% to 92.0 (+0.5% y/y).
Jobs were viewed as hard to get by fewer survey participants, 27.8% versus 28.0% in September although 18.4% of participants expected fewer jobs in six months, the highest percentage since February.
The Conference Board&#146;s survey isconducted by a mailed questionnaire to 5,000 households and about 3,500 typically respond.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
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<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@EF/@EF14/@EF1401/@EF1401.HTM">Conference Board</a></th>
<th scope="col">Oct</th>
<th scope="col">Sept</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Consumer Confidence</td>
<td>92.8</td>
<td>96.7</td>
<td>13.6%</td>
<td>79.8</td>
<td>96.6</td>
<td>106.6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Gasoline Above $2.00/gal. & Crude Oil Topped $50/bbl. 
by <a href="/comment/Moeller.html">Tom Moeller</a> October 26, 2004


<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041026b.jpg" width="353">
The average price for unleaded regular gasoline rose to $2.03 per gallon last week and has averaged $2.00 so far this month.
The inflation adjusted &quot;real&quot; price of gasoline remained well below the early 1981 peak, but the roughly 50% increase during the last two years rivals the gain leading to the prior peak.
Crude oil prices also rose further. The price of West Texas Intermediate crude surged yesterday to $55.23 per barrel versus $53.29/bbl. averaged last week and $45.95 in September.
Wholesale natural gas prices also rose yesterday to $7.12/mmbtu (+55.8% y/y) and have averaged $5.96 in October versus $4.98 in September.
For the latest Short Term Energy Outlook from the US Department of Energy click <a href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html">here</a>.
&quot;Monetary Policy and Inflation Dynamics&quot; from the Federal Reserve Board can be found <a href="http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2004/200462/200462abs.html">here.</a>

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<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/daily/@D3/@D306/@D306.HTM">Energy Prices</a></th>
<th scope="col">10/19/04</th>
<th scope="col">12/31/03</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
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<td class="firstcol">US Retail Gasoline, Regular ($/Gal.)</td>
<td>$2.03</td>
<td>$1.48</td>
<td>31.8%</td>
<td>$1.56</td>
<td>$1.35</td>
<td>$1.42</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Domestic Spot Market Price: West Texas Intermediate ($/Barrel)</td>
<td>$53.29</td>
<td>$32.55</td>
<td>76.6%</td>
<td>$32.78</td>
<td>$31.23</td>
<td>$19.38</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
U.S. Chain Store Sales Down Again 
by <a href="/comment/Moeller.html">Tom Moeller</a> October 26, 2004


<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041026c.jpg" width="353">
Chain store sales fell another 0.6% last week and added to the 0.2% slip the prior period, according to the International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)-UBS.
The decline dropped sales so far in October 0.2% below the September average which fell 0.7% versusAugust.
During the last ten years there has been a 60% correlation between y/y change in chain store sales and the change in non-auto retail sales less gasoline.
The ICSC-UBS retail chain-store sales index is constructed using the same-store sales reported by 78 stores of seven retailers: Dayton Hudson, Federated, Kmart, May, J.C. Penney, Sears and Wal-Mart. 

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<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/surveyw/@S2/@S2.HTM">ICSC-UBS (SA, 1977=100)</a></th>
<th scope="col">10/23/04</th>
<th scope="col">10/16/04</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
</tr>
</thead>
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<td class="firstcol">Total Weekly Retail Chain Store Sales</td>
<td>433.9</td>
<td>436.4</td>
<td>3.7%</td>
<td>2.9%</td>
<td>3.6%</td>
<td>2.1%</td>
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Louise Curley

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<img align="left" border="0" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041026d.jpg">
Surprisingly the Munich based IFO Institute&#39;s index of the business appraisal of the German economic climate improved marginally in October to 95.3 from 95.2 (2000=100) in September. The consensus had predicted a decline to 94.8 and the ZEW survey of financial opinion, which frequently anticipates moves in the IFO index, earlier this month had shown a drop of 29.0 points from September to October.
The overall index is the geometric mean of the index of current conditions and the index of expectations of conditions six months hence, both of which are shown in the attached chart. In 2002 and from mid 2003 into early 2004 , expectations have greatly exceeded current conditions. Currently expectations appear to be more in line with current conditions.
The IFO institute publishes its results in both index and percent balance form. However, not all the data are released at the same time. For example, the industrial breakdown on a percent balance basis is available a week or so before that on an index basis. According to the percent balance data, shown in the table below, the business climate in manufacturing, which is the only industry showing positive percent balances, dipped in October to 3.6% from 4.1% in September, but it is still 3.1 percentage points above October of 2003. The percent balance for the economic climate in retail sales was 2.4 percentage points better in October than September.NOTE: The current and expectations indexes are based on the percent balances of respondents to questions concerning their current condition and their expectations of conditions six months hence. The respondents appraise current conditions as &quot;good&quot;, &quot;satisfactory&quot; or &quot;poor&quot; and their expectations as &quot;more favorable&quot;, &quot;unchanged&quot; or &quot;more unfavorable&quot;. The &quot;satisfactory&quot; and &quot;unchanged&quot; categories are considered neutral and the balance is calculated as the difference between the &quot;good&quot; and &quot;poor&quot; in the case of the current conditions balance; and between the &quot;more favorable&quot; and the &quot;more unfavorable&quot; in the case of the expectations balance. These balances are then linked to a base year (2000 currently) and seasonally adjusted. The balance for the climate balance is the geometric mean of the current and expectations indexes.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
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<th scope="col" class="firstcol">&nbsp;</th>
<th scope="col">Oct 04</th>
<th scope="col">Sep 04</th>
<th scope="col">Oct 03</th>
<th scope="col">M/M %</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y %</th>
<th scope="col">2003&nbsp;&nbsp;</th>
<th scope="col">&nbsp;2002 &nbsp;</th>
<th scope="col">&nbsp; 2001&nbsp; &nbsp;</th>
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</thead>
<tbody>
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<td class="firstcol">Business Climate (2000=100)</td>
<td>95.5</td>
<td>95.2</td>
<td>95.3</td>
<td>0.11</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>91.7</td>
<td>89.4</td>
<td>92.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Current Situation</td>
<td>94.7</td>
<td>94.8</td>
<td>91.0</td>
<td>-0.11</td>
<td>4.07</td>
<td>88.4</td>
<td>85.3</td>
<td>93.1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Expectations</td>
<td>95.9</td>
<td>95.7</td>
<td>99.8</td>
<td>0.21</td>
<td>-3.91</td>
<td>95.1</td>
<td>93.4</td>
<td>91.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Pt.Dif</td>
<td>Pt.Dif</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Business Climate (% Balance)</td>
<td>-10.3</td>
<td>-10.4</td>
<td>-10.4</td>
<td>0.1</td>
<td>0.1</td>
<td>-17.5</td>
<td>-22.0</td>
<td>-16.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Manufacturing</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td>-0.5</td>
<td>3.1</td>
<td>-7.9</td>
<td>10.3</td>
<td>-10.2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Construction</td>
<td>-45.2</td>
<td>-45.6</td>
<td>-45.1</td>
<td>0.4</td>
<td>-0.1</td>
<td>-42.8</td>
<td>-44.4</td>
<td>-38.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Wholesale trade</td>
<td>-15.6</td>
<td>-15.3</td>
<td>-15.2</td>
<td>-0.4</td>
<td>-0.4</td>
<td>-24.0</td>
<td>-29.8</td>
<td>-20.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Retail trade</td>
<td>-28.9</td>
<td>-31.3</td>
<td>-17.7</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>-11.2</td>
<td>-25.4</td>
<td>-40.1</td>
<td>-20.5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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Surprisingly the Munich based IFO Institute's index of the business appraisal of the German economic climate improved marginally in October to 95.3 from 95.2 (2000=100) in September. The consensus had predicted a decline to 94.8 and [...]

Germany's Ifo Index Surprises With a Small Improvement

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041025b.jpg" width="353">
The Weekly Leading Index of the US economy published by the Economic Cycle Research Institute (ECRI) has remained roughly unchanged since July. That performance pulled the smoothed six-month growth rate in the index to negative 1.0%.
Past recessionary periods in the US economy were signaled by negative growth in the ECRI Leading Index in the -5 to -10% range. During the last ten years there has been a 69% correlation between the six-month growth in the ECRI leading index of the US economy and two quarter growth in real GDP.
The components of the ECRI weekly leading index are money supply plus stock &amp; bond mutual funds, the JOC-ECRI industrial materials price index, mortgage applications, bond quality spreads, stock prices, bond yields, and initial jobless insurance claims.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041025a.jpg" width="353">
The ECRI Leading Index&#39;s recent pattern generally mirrors the Conference Board&#39;s Index of Leading Economic Indicators, with a slight lead. Construction of the ECRI Leading Index differs from the Conference Board Index but there has been a 70% correlation between the y/y percent change in the two series over the last 10 years.
The median lead of the ECRI index at business cycle peaks has been 10.5 months and at cycle troughs 3.0 months.
The latest from ECRI is available <a href="http://www.businesscycle.com/showstory.php?storyID=733."> here</a>.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
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<th scope="col" class="firstcol"> <a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/weekly/@W8/@W801/@W801.HTM"> ECRI Leading Index</a></th>
<th scope="col">10/15/04</th>
<th scope="col">10/08/04</th>
<th scope="col">Growth Rate</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Weekly</td>
<td>131.6</td>
<td>131.0</td>
<td>-1.0%</td>
<td>6.5%</td>
<td>1.1%</td>
<td>-5.3%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sept</td>
<td>Aug</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Monthly</td>
<td>131.7</td>
<td>131.3</td>
<td>-0.3%</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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</tbody>
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</body>
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The Weekly Leading Index of the US economy published by the Economic Cycle Research Institute (ECRI) has remained roughly unchanged since July. That performance pulled the smoothed six-month growth rate in the index to negative 1.0%. [...]

ECRI U.S. Leading Index Flat Since July

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041025c.jpg" width="353">
Existing single family home sales rebounded 3.1% in September to 6.75M following two months of decline that were little revised. Consensus expectations had been for a roughly unchanged reading at 6.54M.
The figures reflect closings of home sales in earlier months.
Sales rose across the nation except in the South where they fell for the second month (+0.8% y/y).
The median price of an existing home fell for the third consecutive month to $186,600 (+8.6% y/y), down 2.3% from the peak.

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<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@E9/@E905/@E90501/@E90501.HTM"> Existing Home Sales (000, AR)</a></th>
<th scope="col">Sept</th>
<th scope="col">Aug</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Existing Single-Family</td>
<td>&nbsp;6,750</td>
<td>&nbsp;6,550</td>
<td>1.0%</td>
<td>6,098</td>
<td>5,593</td>
<td>5,290</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Existing single family home sales rebounded 3.1% in September to 6.75M following two months of decline that were little revised. Consensus expectations had been for a roughly unchanged reading at 6.54M. The figures reflect closings of [...]

U.S. Existing Home Sales Rebounded

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041025c.jpg" width="353">
Existing single family home sales rebounded 3.1% in September to 6.75M following two months of decline that were little revised. Consensus expectations had been for a roughly unchanged reading at 6.54M.
The figures reflect closings of home sales in earlier months.
Sales rose across the nation except in the South where they fell for the second month (+0.8% y/y).
The median price of an existing home fell for the third consecutive month to $186,600 (+8.6% y/y), down 2.3% from the peak.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@E9/@E905/@E90501/@E90501.HTM"> Existing Home Sales (000, AR)</a></th>
<th scope="col">Sept</th>
<th scope="col">Aug</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Existing Single-Family</td>
<td>&nbsp;6,750</td>
<td>&nbsp;6,550</td>
<td>1.0%</td>
<td>6,098</td>
<td>5,593</td>
<td>5,290</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
ECRI U.S. Leading Index Flat Since July 
by <a href="/comment/Moeller.html">Tom Moeller</a> October 25, 2004


<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041025b.jpg" width="353">
The Weekly Leading Index of the US economy published by the Economic Cycle Research Institute (ECRI) has remained roughly unchanged since July. That performance pulled the smoothed six-month growth rate in the index to negative 1.0%.
Past recessionary periods in the US economy were signaled by negative growth in the ECRI Leading Index in the -5 to -10% range. During the last ten years there has been a 69% correlation between the six-month growth in the ECRI leading index of the US economy and two quarter growth in real GDP.
The components of the ECRI weekly leading index are money supply plus stock &amp; bond mutual funds, the JOC-ECRI industrial materials price index, mortgage applications, bond quality spreads, stock prices, bond yields, and initial jobless insurance claims.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041025a.jpg" width="353">
The ECRI Leading Index&#39;s recent pattern generally mirrors the Conference Board&#39;s Index of Leading Economic Indicators, with a slight lead. Construction of the ECRI Leading Index differs from the Conference Board Index but there has been a 70% correlation between the y/y percent change in the two series over the last 10 years.
The median lead of the ECRI index at business cycle peaks has been 10.5 months and at cycle troughs 3.0 months.
The latest from ECRI is available <a href="http://www.businesscycle.com/showstory.php?storyID=733."> here</a>.

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<th scope="col" class="firstcol"> <a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/weekly/@W8/@W801/@W801.HTM"> ECRI Leading Index</a></th>
<th scope="col">10/15/04</th>
<th scope="col">10/08/04</th>
<th scope="col">Growth Rate</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Weekly</td>
<td>131.6</td>
<td>131.0</td>
<td>-1.0%</td>
<td>6.5%</td>
<td>1.1%</td>
<td>-5.3%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sept</td>
<td>Aug</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Monthly</td>
<td>131.7</td>
<td>131.3</td>
<td>-0.3%</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041022a.jpg" width="353">
The Chicago Fed National Activity Index (CFNAI) fell in September to the second negative reading in four months. Last month&#39;s level of -0.01 followed a downwardly revised figure in August.
The three-month moving average of the CFNAI ticked up but was near the lowest level of the year.
A zero value of the CFNAI indicates that the economy is expanding at its historical trend rate of growth.
During the last twenty years there has been a 74% correlation between the level of the CFNAI and q/q growth in real GDP.
The CFNAI is a weighted average of 85 indicators of economic activity. The indicators reflect activity in the following categories: production and income, the labor market, personal consumption and housing, manufacturing and trade sales, and inventories &amp; orders.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
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<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/SURVEYS/@S5/@S503/@S503.HTM"> Chicago Fed</a></th>
<th scope="col">Sept</th>
<th scope="col">Aug</th>
<th scope="col">Sept &#39;03</th>
<th scope="col"> 2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">CFNAI</td>
<td>-0.01</td>
<td>0.03</td>
<td>0.38</td>
<td>-0.11</td>
<td>-0.40</td>
<td>-1.19</td>
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</body>
</html>

The Chicago Fed National Activity Index (CFNAI) fell in September to the second negative reading in four months. Last month's level of -0.01 followed a downwardly revised figure in August. The three-month moving average of the CFNAI [...]

Nat'l Activity Index Negative: Chicago Fed

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Outlook strengthens for US while it weakens for other major economies

Crude petroleum prices are having a big impact on inflation expectations

Inflation surprising to upside in the US; by contrast to the downside in the euro area

 Gross Domestic Income is catching up with GDP

FOMC expects GDP growth above trend over the next three years

US core CPI inflation has begun to reaccelerate

Fiscal-policy aided factory building in the U.S. provided an unusually large boost to growth last year

US consumers much more optimistic than those in the Euro area and the UK

  Job openings take a step down in 2024

Fed's super core services inflation measure pushing up core rate

Blue Chip forecasters expect significant monetary easing this year except in Japan

Euro area economy stagnating while US grows above trend

Chinese and Japanese equity markets are diverging markedly

Chinese population declines in 2023 for second consecutive year

Outlook for US GDP growth on the rise; declining in euro area, Japan and China

There are still 1.4 job openings for every unemployed person in the US

US PCE inflation over the past six months has slowed to the Fed's 2% target

FOMC think rate hikes are done and looks for 75bps of decline in 2024

Weaker economic data surprises pushing down US interest rates

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Recent decline in US inflation expectations helping to lower interest rates

China is losing its luster as foreign direct investment heads out

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The U.S. Leading Economic Index fell 0.6% (-5.4% y/y) during April following an unrevised 0.3% March decline, according to a report by The Conference Board. These two changes followed a 0.2% February improvement. A 0.3% April shortfall had been expected in the Action Economics Forecast Survey.

Five of ten components contributed negatively to the overall index in April including the ISM new orders index, building permits, stock prices, the spread between the 10-year Treasury and the Fed funds rate, as well as consumer expectations for business/economic conditions. Initial claims for unemployment insurance and the leading credit index contributed positively. New orders for capital goods and new orders for consumer goods made minimal positive contributions to the index change while the length of the average workweek had no effect on the leading index change.

A 0.2% April increase in the Coincident Economic Index followed a 0.2% March gain, revised from 0.3%. These gains came after a 0.3% February rise. Three of the four components made positive contributions to the coincident index in April, including the changes in personal income less transfers, nonagricultural payroll employment and real manufacturing & trade sales. The change in industrial production had no effect on the coincident indicators.

The Lagging Economic Index rose 0.4% (1.4% y/y) after unrevised stability in March and a 0.2% February increase. Three of the index’s seven components made positive contributions last month including the average duration of unemployment, commercial & industrial loans outstanding and the ratio of consumer credit to income. The six-month change in unit labor costs made a minimally negative contribution while the six-month change in the services CPI, banks’ prime rate and the ratio of business inventories-to-sales were unchanged.

The ratio of the coincident index to the lagging index is also viewed as a leading indicator of economic activity. This measure fell 0.2% in April, following two straight monthly increases. It was 0.8% below its most recent peak in December of last year.

The Conference Board figures are available in Haver's **BCI** database; the components are available there, and most are also in **USECON**. The expectations are in the **AS1REPNA** database. Visit the Conference Board's [website](https://www.conference-board.org/us/) for coverage of leading indicator series from around the world.



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- Leading index decline is largest in six months.
- Coincident Indicators continue to increase moderately.
- Lagging index strengthens after holding steady.


U.S. Leading Economic Indicators Fall Sharply in April

Robert Brusca

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**EMU Inflation Trends Offer Hope and Hype**- Inflation in the European Monetary Union rose by 0.2% month-to-month in April, the same as in March. Core inflation, however, picked up, rising by 0.4% but that was after being flat in March. The sequential growth rates from 12-months to six-months to three-months show the headline inflation rate at 2.4% over 12-months falling to 2% over 6-months, then rising to a 3% annual rate over three-months. The core rate for the monetary union rose 2.9% over 12-months at a 2.7% annual rate over six-months, it steps up to a 2.8% annual rate over three-months. Headline inflation is resisting moving down to the 2% level consistently while core inflation appears to be stuck just short of 3%. Whether these trends are good enough depends on whether the ECB sees itself implementing precision-guided policy or playing horseshoes and hand grenades.

**Headline Inflation: four largest EMU members**
Statistics for the largest four members of the monetary union show inflation worse in April on balance than for the monetary union as a whole. German inflation rose by 0.8% in April, in France it rose by 0.7%, in Spain at rose by 0.5%, while in Italy it rose by 0.3%. These are month-to-month gains. However, these figures followed either flat or declining inflation (price-) performance in March for each of these four countries. The progression of inflation for Germany, France, Italy, and Spain, however, still shows inflation resisting a consistent move down to 2%. German inflation runs at 2.6% over 12-months steps up to 2.7% over 6-months and reaches a 2.9% annual rate over 3-months. France’s 12-month inflation of 2.4% steps down to 2.2% over 6-months, then rises to a 3.2% annual rate over 3-months. In Italy, headline inflation is 1.1% over 12-months, similarly at a 1% annual rate over 6-months, then rises to a 1.7% annual rate over 3-months. Spain's inflation falls from 3.6% over 12-months to 3.2% over 6-months to 2.3% over 3-months- finally a European Monetary Union large country member with persistently decelerating inflation! On balance Italian inflation over 3-months is under the target that the ECB has for the monetary union as a whole, Spain’s inflation is transitioning from 12-months to 6-months to 3-months down close to the 2% mark, while Germany and France continue to show stubbornly too-high results for their headline inflation rates. All-in-all, that is not a great background to support a rate cut.

**Core inflation and its trends offer hope**
Core inflation rates produce much more beneficial results. Still, in April month-to-month core inflation increases are generally excessive for these four members. But that follows declining inflation – falling prices- for core rates in March. Germany is an exception to this pattern, but it still follows the rule of improvement because its inflation progress is flipped between the two months. Looking at sequential growth rates for core inflation or ex-energy inflation for these large country members, we find that inflation is persistently decelerating from 12-months to 6-months to 3-months for all of them except for France. France shows a pickup in inflation over 3-months compared to 6-months as core inflation rises to a 3-month rate of 2.9% after posting a 2.1% pace over 6-months. The 3-month pace for inflation x-energy for Germany is 2.1%, the core for Italy is at 1.7%, and the core for Spain is at 1.8%. All three-monthly core rates are at the doorstep or within the ECB's target range for headline EMU inflation. France is the exception. The 12-month core inflation rates are all above target but show signs of coming into line; German and French year-over-year inflation rates decline in April compared to March the Italian rate is unchanged year-over-year at 2.3% on the monthly comparison, while only Spain has an acceleration compared to a month ago and that's to a 3.3% rise from 3.1% in March.

**Is it good enough?**
The speed of inflation’s drop- Core inflation rates would seem to build a good enough base for the ECB to move ahead with rate cuts if it decides it wants to go that way. If it wants to be surer and clearer about reducing inflation it will pay more attention to the headline rates that are excessive- especially since no inflation metric is falling particularly fast anymore. The risk over ‘overshooting’ on the downside seems remote. Oil prices as measured by Brent in euros rose by 4.3% month-to-month in April after rising 1.6% in March. However, year-over-year Brent prices are down by 3.3%, so the impulse from oil is mixed across tenors. 

ECB credibility- A different view of reality looks at ECB inflation performance over five-years and finds all the metrics quite unacceptable. Over the last five years the compounded inflation rate for the monetary union is 3.7% and for the core it's 2.8%. For Germany it's 4.1%, for France it's 3.3%, and for Italy and Spain it's 3.4%. The core or X energy inflation rates do not behave much better, Germany is at 3.3% over five years on its core measure, France at 2.7%, Spain at 3%, and Italy at 2.5%. If the ECB is concerned about its credibility, then it's going to want to make sure that it gets inflation down inside of its target soon because the five-year compound inflation rates are so far over their target that clearly a central bank that claims to target 2% inflation cannot look at that five-year record and consider policies to have been a success. 

**Driving the road ahead**- Looking ahead it's very possible that inflation is on a downtrend and that policy is moving inflation in the right direction; the question remains concerns the certainty of that conclusion and the question ‘is inflation moving down fast enough?’  The ECB is going to have to measure the impact on its credibility against its desire to hit its inflation target in the short run and pay some attention to the effect that policy has on economic growth rates in the monetary union. On that score, unemployment rates throughout the European Monetary Union are still extremely low in historic comparisons… but, there has been a new sensitivity across central banks globally as they try to reduce their inflation rates ‘to target levels’ without having much impact on the unemployment rates at all - even though unemployment rates are in many places near some version of historic lows. Time will tell whether this sort of prevarication in inflation fighting that coddles the unemployment rate that is already so low is wise or has turned out to be foolhardy. 


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Europe

EMU Inflation Trends Offer Hope and Hype- Inflation in the European Monetary Union rose by 0.2% month-to-month in April, the same as in March. Core inflation, however, picked up, rising by 0.4% but that was after being flat in March. The sequential growth rates from 12-months to six-months to three-months show the headline inflation rate at 2.4% over 12-months falling to 2% over 6-months, then rising to a 3% annual rate over three-months. The core rate for the monetary union rose 2.9% over 12-months at a 2.7% annual rate over six-months, it steps up to a 2.8% annual rate over three-months. Headline inflation is resisting moving down to the 2% level consistently while core inflation appears to be stuck just short of 3%. Whether these trends are good enough depends on whether the ECB sees itself implementing precision-guided policy or playing horseshoes and hand grenades.

EMU Inflation Holds the line 2% Beckons

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Total housing starts increased 5.7% (-0.6% y/y) during April to 1.360 million units (SAAR) after falling 16.8% in March to 1.287 million units, revised from 1.321 million. Starts in February rose a little-revised 12.4% to 1.546 million units. Starts remained 24.6% below the most recent peak of 1.803 million in April 2022. The Action Economics Forecast Survey expected 1.420 million starts in April.

Housing starts by type were mixed last month. Starts of single-family units eased 0.4% (+17.7% y/y) to 1.031 million after declining 8.7% in March to 1.035 million, revised from 1.022 million. They reached a high of 1.286 units in December 2020. Multi-family starts increased 30.6% (-33.1% y/y) in April to 329,000 after falling 38.8% to 252,000 in March, revised from 299,000. They reached a high of 624,000 units in November 2022.

Regional activity was mixed in April. In the Northeast, the level of starts fell 22.6% (-43.8% y/y) to 72,000 units after declining 21.8% in March and 10.5% in February. Starts in the Midwest rose 19.1% (3.4% y/y) to 181,000 following a 36.4% March decline. Starts in the South improved 10.1% (4.9% y/y) to 799,000 after a 15.9% March decline. In the West, starts fell 2.5% (+1.7% y/y) to 308,000 after declining in each of the prior three months.

Building permits declined 3.0% (-2.0% y/y) in April 1.440 million units after falling 5.0% to 1.485 million in March, revised from 1.458 million. It was the lowest level of permits since December 2022. Single-family permits eased 0.8% (+11.4% y/y) to 976,000 in April following a 4.2% March decline and a 0.4% February slip. Multi-family permits weakened 7.4% (-21.9% y/y) to 464,000, after falling 6.5% in March.

The housing starts and permits figures can be found in Haver's **USECON** database. The expectations figure is contained in the **AS1REPNA** database.



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- Single-family starts decline but multi-family surge.
- Starts are mixed throughout the country.
- Building permits fall to lowest level in over one year.


U.S. Housing Starts Rise Modestly in April; Building Permits Fall

Sandy Batten

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Total industrial production was unchanged in April from March and 0.4% lower than a year ago. The previously released 0.4% rise in March was revised down to a meager 0.1% monthly gain. The Action Economics Forecast Survey expected a 0.1% increase in production last month. Manufacturing production slumped 0.3% m/m (-0.5% y/y) after a downwardly revised 0.2% monthly gain in March (initially reported as 0.5%). 

Mining activity declined for the third time in the past four months, falling 0.6% (-1.3% /y) following an upwardly revised 1.1% m/m decline in March (previously -1.4% m/m). Utilities output was the only positive part of industrial activity in April, rising 2.8% m/m (+2.3% y/y) on top of a downwardly revised 1.6% monthly gain in March (previously 2.0% m/m).

Amid the monthly volatility, manufacturing output has been relatively flat over the past nine months. In fact, the index level in April was 99.4, exactly the same as in August 2023. The manufacturing sector has been one of the most adversely affected by the Fed’s interest rate hikes. Since April 2022 (just after the Fed initiated it rate hikes in March 2022), manufacturing output has fallen 1.4%. Within the manufacturing sector in April, durable goods production fell 0.5% m/m, its first monthly decline in three months, led by a 2.0% m/m decline in motor vehicle production and a 1.9% m/m drop in the production of electrical equipment and appliances. Production of nondurable goods edged down 0.1% m/m in April following a 0.2% monthly increase in March. Production of selected high-technology industries increased 1.0% m/m. By contrast, petroleum and coal products output slumped 4.4%m/m, the first monthly decline in three months.

Manufacturing output excluding motor vehicles slipped 01% m/m in April after being unchanged in March. Manufacturing excluding selected high-tech industries fell 0.3% m/m in April versus a 0.1% monthly gain in March. Manufacturing output excluding both selected high-tech industries and motor vehicles decreased 0.2% m/m, its sixth monthly decline in the past seven months. Production of consumer goods inched up 0.1% m/m in April following a 0.5% monthly gain in March. Output of business equipment fell 0.5% m/m on top of a 0.2% monthly decline in March. 

Production of construction supplies fell 1.0% m/m in April, the sixth monthly decline in the past seven months. Materials output edged up 0.1% m/m in April, just offsetting a 0.1% m/m decline in March.

Total capacity utilization slipped to 78.4% in April from a slightly upward revised 78.5% in March (previously 78.4%). The April reading was exactly as expected by the Actions Economics Forecast Survey. The capacity utilization rate for manufacturing fell significantly to 76.9% from 77.2%. By contrast, the capacity rate for utilities rose to 71.0 from 69.2.

Industrial production and capacity data are in Haver’s **USECON** database. Additional detail on production and capacity utilization can be found in the **IP** database. The expectations figures come from the **AS1REPNA** database.



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- IP was unchanged in April with manufacturing falling 0.3% m/m
- Manufacturing decline led by 2.0% m/m drop in motor vehicle output
- Mining fell for the third month of the past four
- Capacity utilization slipped to 78.4%


U.S. Industrial Production Unchanged in April

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Import prices for all goods rose 0.9% (NSA) in April after a 0.6% March gain, revised from 0.4%, and a 0.2% February increase, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A 0.2% April rise had been expected in the Action Economics Forecast Survey. The y/y change of 1.1% followed 12-month price declines all through 2023. 

Export prices increased 0.5% in April following a 0.1% March uptick, revised from 0.3%, and a minimally revised 0.7% February rise. A 0.2% price gain had been expected. These gains also followed a 0.7% January increase. The 1.0% y/y decline compared to an 11.8% y/y drop in June of last year. 

The monthly rise in April import prices was led by a 2.9% increase (5.2% y/y) in imported petroleum prices after they surged 6.7% in March. The April increase was the fourth consecutive monthly gain. The increase in imported petroleum costs was accompanied by a 9.2% decline in natural gas prices, off 42.5% y/y. Nonfuel import prices rose 0.7% (0.9% y/y) after a 0.2% March increase. Import prices for foods, feeds & beverages strengthened 1.7% (6.8% y/y), up for the fourth consecutive month. Motor vehicle & parts prices increased 0.3% (2.6% y/y) after a 0.2% rise. Capital goods prices edged 0.1% higher (-0.1% y/y) after a 0.2% decline while nonauto consumer goods prices also rose 0.1% (0.5% y/y) after falling 0.3% in March. 

The increase in April export prices included a 0.9% decline (-10.2% y/y) in agricultural export prices, which added to a 1.3% March drop . Nonagricultural export prices rose 0.7% (0.1% y/y), the fourth straight monthly gain. Export prices of industrial supplies & materials rose 1.0% (-1.7% y/y), the fourth straight month of firm gain. Automotive vehicles & parts export prices strengthened 0.8% (4.0% y/y) after easing 0.1% in March. Capital goods prices rose 0.4% (1.8% y/y) after edging 0.1% higher. A 0.1% uptick (-1.3% y/y) in nonauto consumer goods prices followed a 0.4% March rise. Foods, feeds & beverage prices were off 0.7% last month (-10.6% y/y) after falling 1.6% in March. 

The import and export price series can be found in Haver’s **USECON** database. Detailed figures are available in the **USINT** database. The expectations figure from the Action Economics Forecast Survey is in the **AS1REPNA** database. 


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- Import prices rise for fourth consecutive month.
- Excluding fuels, import prices edge up for sixth straight month.
- Export price gain improves. 


Economy in Brief: October 2004

Jump to:

Consumer Confidence Down Sharply

Consumer Confidence Down Sharply

Germany's Ifo Index Surprises With a Small Improvement

ECRI U.S. Leading Index Flat Since July

U.S. Existing Home Sales Rebounded

U.S. Existing Home Sales Rebounded

Nat'l Activity Index Negative: Chicago Fed

Nat'l Activity Index Negative: Chicago Fed