Carol Stone, CBE

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103j.jpg" width="353">
Purchasing manager surveys suggest economies in Europe and Japan are improving, while China might be showing signs of moderation. These monthly polls are published by NTC Research in London and conducted by local business organizations, such as Nomura in Japan and Reuters in the UK. The results are shown as diffusion indexes, which show the percentage of respondents that report increasing business for a given month. As with the ISM data in the US, manufacturing is reported on the first business day of the following month, with nonmanufacturing (mostly services) following two days later. The indexes are calculated as the percentage reporting rising business plus half of those reporting a flat performance. The resulting indexes are then seasonally adjusted.
In October, companies in the Euro-Zone saw business increase more broadly, with a manufacturing index of 52.69 and services, 54.95. Both show notable improvements from earlier in the year. European manufacturing faced a mild contraction (readings below 50%) in the spring and the service sector experienced sluggish growth in the year through August before picking up smartly in the last two months. Patterns in the UK recently have been somewhat similar, with a brief outright contraction in manufacturing during the spring, but some subsequent pickup; activity at UK service companies has held within a persistent and narrow range since the middle of 2004, indicating steady moderate growth.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103h.jpg" width="353">
In contrast, growth in Russia&#39;s manufacturing sector has slowed in the last two months. This PMI index has ranged from roughly 50 to 55 over the last several years, with September and October dropping into the lower end of the span. Services, though, are holding up well with some strengthening evident so far in 2005. Price behavior in these sectors varies as well: input prices for manufacturers show a trendless, but widely varying oscillation, while service companies&#39; input prices have risen at a dramatically larger number of firms recently.
Only manufacturing surveys are taken in Japan and China. Japanese factories appear to be doing better, with that index ratcheting upward all year long. This firming even includes employment; this index worked its way above 50% during 2004, and since March of this year, it has averaged 52.5. While not high by world standards, it looks good for Japan. The survey began in October 2001, and both the total index and the employment component were down around 40 at the time. Such improvement in manufacturing seems at odds with the Japanese government&#39;s synthetic indexes reported here Monday by Louise Curley, in which marked slowing or even decline is indicated for the Japanese economy in Q3. Clearly, at the least, various data may diverge over brief time periods. In this case, the synthetic indexes are meant to describe demand conditions, while the PMI survey looks at supply, and that in only one sector. This makes judging the prospects for even the direction of business in Japan a tough call.<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103i.jpg" width="353">
China is even more intriguing. Its manufacturing index has dropped steadily since its inception 18 months ago, and now stands just barely above 50%. The moderation appears in most of the survey components, including new orders and backlogs. Notably, output prices are below 50%, indicating declines at more companies than have increases. And in the last three months, employment at factories has been ever so slightly below 50%, basically indicating that it has stopped growing. These results feel odd for a country with GDP growth at about 9-1/2%, led by manufacturing. Perhaps the pattern is a relative one. With such a high growth trend, merely keeping up pace may give the impression of slowing, particularly from the high base that obtained in the spring of 2004 when the survey started. Asia is clearly full of interesting economic developments. We eagerly await more information on how they&#39;re doing.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol">&nbsp;</th>
<th scope="col">October 2005</th>
<th scope="col">September 2005</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Euro-Zone</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Manufacturing</td>
<td>52.69</td>
<td>51.74</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Services</td>
<td>54.92</td>
<td>54.65</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">UK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Manufacturing</td>
<td>51.72</td>
<td>51.52</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Services</td>
<td>56.14</td>
<td>55.05</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Russia</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Manufacturing</td>
<td>51.23</td>
<td>51.83</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Services</td>
<td>60.75</td>
<td>59.48</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Japan</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Manufacturing</td>
<td>54.74</td>
<td>54.46</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">China</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Manufacturing</td>
<td>50.07</td>
<td>50.85</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
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Purchasing manager surveys suggest economies in Europe and Japan are improving, while China might be showing signs of moderation. These monthly polls are published by NTC Research in London and conducted by local business [...]

PMI Surveys Around the World in October: Europe Looks Better, China Does Not!

Tom Moeller

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103g.jpg" width="353">
Factory inventories fell another 0.1% in September following a deepened 0.2% decline in August even though higher prices recently have boosted petroleum inventories, (+24.9% y/y). Less petroleum, factory inventories fell 0.1% (+4.1% y/y) in September for the third decline in the last four months and have been virtually unchanged since March.
Inventory declines last month centered mostly in nondurables industries where textile products fell 0.9% (-0.1% y/y) and paper products fell 0.8% (+2.5% y/y). Plastics &amp; rubber products also fell a sharp 1.8% (+6.4% y/y) and paints &amp; coatings inventories fell 1.0% (+6.3% y/y).
Electrical equipment inventories rose 1.0% (3.2% y/y) after four months of declines while machinery inventories rose 0.2% (9.3% y/y). Computers &amp; electronic components rose 0.1% (-0.3% y/y) but electronic computer inventories rose 4.4% (0.9% y/y).<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103f.jpg" width="353">
Factory shipments fell 0.5% after an upwardly revised 2.1% surge in August, however, less a 3.4% jump in shipments from petroleum refineries factory shipments fell 0.9% (3.9% y/y).
Factory sector orders fell 1.7%. The advance report of a 2.1% drop in durables goods orders was revised to -2.4%.
Unfilled orders jumped 0.7% on top of the 1.6% August spurt. Less the transportation sector backlogs surged 1.2% (8.9% y/y) and the ratio of unfilled orders to shipments jumped.<a href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/05/07/Gali.pdf"> </a>

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
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<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@ED/@ED01/@ED0101/@ED01016/@ED01016.HTM">Factory Survey</a> (NAICS)</th>
<th scope="col">Sept</th>
<th scope="col">Aug</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Inventories</td>
<td>-0.1%</td>
<td>-0.2%</td>
<td>4.9%</td>
<td>7.7%</td>
<td>-1.1%</td>
<td>-5.4%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">New Orders</td>
<td>-1.7%</td>
<td>2.9%</td>
<td>7.0%</td>
<td>9.3%</td>
<td>3.5%</td>
<td>-2.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Shipments</td>
<td>-0.5%</td>
<td>2.1%</td>
<td>6.6%</td>
<td>9.5%</td>
<td>1.5%</td>
<td>-2.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Unfilled Orders</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>1.6%</td>
<td>10.4%</td>
<td>8.4%</td>
<td>8.0%</td>
<td>-8.5%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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Factory inventories fell another 0.1% in September following a deepened 0.2% decline in August even though higher prices recently have boosted petroleum inventories, (+24.9% y/y). Less petroleum, factory inventories fell 0.1% (+4.1% [...]

U.S. Factory Inventories Slip

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103d.jpg" width="353">
The October Non-manufacturing Sector Business Activity Index from the Institute for Supply Management recovered more than half of its September decline with a 6.7 point increase to 60.0. Consensus expectations had been for a lesser recovery to 57.0.
Since the series&#39; inception in 1997 there has been a 50% correlation between the Business Activity Index and the q/q change in real GDP for services plus construction.
The orders index gained back just a piece of its September decline with a 1.6 point rise. Conversely, the employment index fell for the third month in the last four to the lowest level since January. Since the series&#39; inception in 1997 there has been a 60% correlation between the level of the ISM non-manufacturing employment index and the m/m change in payroll employment in the service producing plus the construction industries.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103e.jpg" width="353">
Pricing power reversed just some of the 14.3 point September surge to a record high with a 3.4 point decline. Since inception eight years ago, there has been a 70% correlation between the price index and the y/y change in the GDP Services chain price index.
ISM surveys more than 370 purchasing managers in more than 62 industries including construction, law firms, hospitals, government and retailers. The non-manufacturing survey dates only to July 1997, therefore its seasonal adjustment should be viewed tentatively.
Business Activity Index for the non-manufacturing sector reflects a question separate from the subgroups mentioned above. In contrast, the NAPM manufacturing sector composite index is a weighted average five components.
Today&#39;s testimony by Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan on the Economic Outlook before the Joint Economic committee can be found <a href="http://www.federalreserve.gov/BoardDocs/Testimony/2005/20051103/default.htm">here</a>.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@EF/@EF03/@EF03.HTM">ISM Nonmanufacturing Survey</a></th>
<th scope="col">Oct</th>
<th scope="col">Sept</th>
<th scope="col">Oct &#39;04</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Business Activity Index</td>
<td>60.0</td>
<td>53.3</td>
<td>61.5</td>
<td>62.4</td>
<td>58.2</td>
<td>55.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Prices Index</td>
<td>78.0</td>
<td>81.4</td>
<td>74.0</td>
<td>69.0</td>
<td>56.8</td>
<td>54.0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


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The October Non-manufacturing Sector Business Activity Index from the Institute for Supply Management recovered more than half of its September decline with a 6.7 point increase to 60.0. Consensus expectations had been for a lesser [...]

ISM Non-Manufacturing Index Recovered

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103c.jpg" width="353">
Initial claims for unemployment insurance fell 8,000 to 323,000 last week versus a little revised 26,000 decline during the prior period. Consensus expectations had been for 330,000 claims. The decline lowered the level of claims to the lowest since late August.
The four-week moving average of initial claims fell to 350,500 (+3.5% y/y).
Continuing claims for unemployment insurance fell 44,000 following a downwardly revised 5,000 increase during the prior week.
The insured rate of unemployment remained at 2.2% where it has been during the last six weeks.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/WEEKLY/@W5/@W507/@W507.HTM">Unemployment Insurance (000s)</a></th>
<th scope="col">10/29/05</th>
<th scope="col">10/22/05</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Initial Claims</td>
<td>323</td>
<td>331</td>
<td>-3.6%</td>
<td>343</td>
<td>402</td>
<td>404</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Continuing Claims</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>2,823</td>
<td>1.2%</td>
<td>2,926</td>
<td>3,531</td>
<td>3,570</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Initial claims for unemployment insurance fell 8,000 to 323,000 last week versus a little revised 26,000 decline during the prior period. Consensus expectations had been for 330,000 claims. The decline lowered the level of claims to [...]

Initial Unemployment Insurance Claims At Two Month Low

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103b.jpg" width="353">
Growth in non-farm labor productivity of 4.1% last quarter was nearly double the upwardly revised growth during the prior quarter and easily surpassed Consensus expectations for a 2.5% rise. The increase lifted the year on year growth in worker productivity to 3.0%, its strongest since 2Q &#39;04.
Output growth of 4.2% (4.2% y/y) was down slightly from a 4.4% increase during 2Q while hours worked grew a slight 0.1% (1.2% y/y).
The Bureau of labor Statistics indicated that the effects of Hurricanes Katrina &amp; Rita could not be separately identified but that the effects were imbedded in the 3Q figures covering output, hours and compensation.
Unit labor costs fell 0.5%, the first quarterly decline since 2Q &#39;04. The decline stemmed both from the strength in productivity as well as a moderate 3.6% (5.8% y/y) rise in compensation costs which was the slowest since 2Q &#39;04.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103a.jpg" width="353">
The implicit price deflator rose 3.3% (2.9% y/y) and the increase lifted the ratio of prices to unit labor costs to its highest since early last year. During the last ten years there has been a 58% correlation between the ratio and the y/y growth in corporate profits.
Factory sector productivity growth surged 4.5% (4.7% y/y) after a 3.6% rise during 2Q. Manufacturing compensation grew just 2.9% (7.2% y/y) which allowed unit labor costs to fall 1.6% (+2.5% y/y), the first decline since 2Q &#39;04.
Nonfinancial corporate sector productivity growth during 2Q was revised down to 6.3% (6.2% y/y) from 6.8% reported previously. Nevertheless, unit labor costs still fell 2.4% (+0.4% y/y) versus the initial estimate of a 2.6% decline. Output for this measure is gleaned from the income side of the National Income &amp; Product Accounts (NIPA) as opposed to the non-farm output figures which are derived from the output side of the NIPA. Factory sector output is derived from the industrial production measures compiled by the Federal Reserve Board.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@EC/@EC02/@EC02.HTM">Non-farm Business Sector</a> (SAAR)</th>
<th scope="col">3Q &#39;05</th>
<th scope="col">2Q &#39;05</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Output per Hour</td>
<td>4.1%</td>
<td>2.1%</td>
<td>3.0%</td>
<td>3.4%</td>
<td>3.8%</td>
<td>4.0%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Compensation</td>
<td>3.6%</td>
<td>4.0%</td>
<td>5.8%</td>
<td>4.5%</td>
<td>4.0%</td>
<td>3.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Unit Labor Costs</td>
<td>-0.5%</td>
<td>1.8%</td>
<td>2.7%</td>
<td>1.1%</td>
<td>0.2%</td>
<td>-0.5%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


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Growth in non-farm labor productivity of 4.1% last quarter was nearly double the upwardly revised growth during the prior quarter and easily surpassed Consensus expectations for a 2.5% rise. The increase lifted the year on year growth [...]

3Q U.S. Productivity Strong

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103b.jpg" width="353">
Growth in non-farm labor productivity of 4.1% last quarter was nearly double the upwardly revised growth during the prior quarter and easily surpassed Consensus expectations for a 2.5% rise. The increase lifted the year on year growth in worker productivity to 3.0%, its strongest since 2Q &#39;04.
Output growth of 4.2% (4.2% y/y) was down slightly from a 4.4% increase during 2Q while hours worked grew a slight 0.1% (1.2% y/y).
The Bureau of labor Statistics indicated that the effects of Hurricanes Katrina &amp; Rita could not be separately identified but that the effects were imbedded in the 3Q figures covering output, hours and compensation.
Unit labor costs fell 0.5%, the first quarterly decline since 2Q &#39;04. The decline stemmed both from the strength in productivity as well as a moderate 3.6% (5.8% y/y) rise in compensation costs which was the slowest since 2Q &#39;04.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103a.jpg" width="353">
The implicit price deflator rose 3.3% (2.9% y/y) and the increase lifted the ratio of prices to unit labor costs to its highest since early last year. During the last ten years there has been a 58% correlation between the ratio and the y/y growth in corporate profits.
Factory sector productivity growth surged 4.5% (4.7% y/y) after a 3.6% rise during 2Q. Manufacturing compensation grew just 2.9% (7.2% y/y) which allowed unit labor costs to fall 1.6% (+2.5% y/y), the first decline since 2Q &#39;04.
Nonfinancial corporate sector productivity growth during 2Q was revised down to 6.3% (6.2% y/y) from 6.8% reported previously. Nevertheless, unit labor costs still fell 2.4% (+0.4% y/y) versus the initial estimate of a 2.6% decline. Output for this measure is gleaned from the income side of the National Income &amp; Product Accounts (NIPA) as opposed to the non-farm output figures which are derived from the output side of the NIPA. Factory sector output is derived from the industrial production measures compiled by the Federal Reserve Board.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@EC/@EC02/@EC02.HTM">Non-farm Business Sector</a> (SAAR)</th>
<th scope="col">3Q &#39;05</th>
<th scope="col">2Q &#39;05</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Output per Hour</td>
<td>4.1%</td>
<td>2.1%</td>
<td>3.0%</td>
<td>3.4%</td>
<td>3.8%</td>
<td>4.0%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Compensation</td>
<td>3.6%</td>
<td>4.0%</td>
<td>5.8%</td>
<td>4.5%</td>
<td>4.0%</td>
<td>3.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Unit Labor Costs</td>
<td>-0.5%</td>
<td>1.8%</td>
<td>2.7%</td>
<td>1.1%</td>
<td>0.2%</td>
<td>-0.5%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Initial Unemployment Insurance Claims At Two Month Low 
by <a href="/comment/Moeller.html">Tom Moeller</a> November 3, 2005


<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103c.jpg" width="353">
Initial claims for unemployment insurance fell 8,000 to 323,000 last week versus a little revised 26,000 decline during the prior period. Consensus expectations had been for 330,000 claims. The decline lowered the level of claims to the lowest since late August.
The four-week moving average of initial claims fell to 350,500 (+3.5% y/y).
Continuing claims for unemployment insurance fell 44,000 following a downwardly revised 5,000 increase during the prior week.
The insured rate of unemployment remained at 2.2% where it has been during the last six weeks.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/WEEKLY/@W5/@W507/@W507.HTM">Unemployment Insurance (000s)</a></th>
<th scope="col">10/29/05</th>
<th scope="col">10/22/05</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Initial Claims</td>
<td>323</td>
<td>331</td>
<td>-3.6%</td>
<td>343</td>
<td>402</td>
<td>404</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Continuing Claims</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>2,823</td>
<td>1.2%</td>
<td>2,926</td>
<td>3,531</td>
<td>3,570</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
ISM Non-Manufacturing Index Recovered 
by <a href="/comment/Moeller.html">Tom Moeller</a> November 3, 2005


<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103d.jpg" width="353">
The October Non-manufacturing Sector Business Activity Index from the Institute for Supply Management recovered more than half of its September decline with a 6.7 point increase to 60.0. Consensus expectations had been for a lesser recovery to 57.0.
Since the series&#39; inception in 1997 there has been a 50% correlation between the Business Activity Index and the q/q change in real GDP for services plus construction.
The orders index gained back just a piece of its September decline with a 1.6 point rise. Conversely, the employment index fell for the third month in the last four to the lowest level since January. Since the series&#39; inception in 1997 there has been a 60% correlation between the level of the ISM non-manufacturing employment index and the m/m change in payroll employment in the service producing plus the construction industries.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103e.jpg" width="353">
Pricing power reversed just some of the 14.3 point September surge to a record high with a 3.4 point decline. Since inception eight years ago, there has been a 70% correlation between the price index and the y/y change in the GDP Services chain price index.
ISM surveys more than 370 purchasing managers in more than 62 industries including construction, law firms, hospitals, government and retailers. The non-manufacturing survey dates only to July 1997, therefore its seasonal adjustment should be viewed tentatively.
Business Activity Index for the non-manufacturing sector reflects a question separate from the subgroups mentioned above. In contrast, the NAPM manufacturing sector composite index is a weighted average five components.
Today&#39;s testimony by Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan on the Economic Outlook before the Joint Economic committee can be found <a href="http://www.federalreserve.gov/BoardDocs/Testimony/2005/20051103/default.htm">here</a>.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@EF/@EF03/@EF03.HTM">ISM Nonmanufacturing Survey</a></th>
<th scope="col">Oct</th>
<th scope="col">Sept</th>
<th scope="col">Oct &#39;04</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Business Activity Index</td>
<td>60.0</td>
<td>53.3</td>
<td>61.5</td>
<td>62.4</td>
<td>58.2</td>
<td>55.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Prices Index</td>
<td>78.0</td>
<td>81.4</td>
<td>74.0</td>
<td>69.0</td>
<td>56.8</td>
<td>54.0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
U.S. Factory Inventories Slip 
by <a href="/comment/Moeller.html">Tom Moeller</a> November 3, 2005


<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103g.jpg" width="353">
Factory inventories fell another 0.1% in September following a deepened 0.2% decline in August even though higher prices recently have boosted petroleum inventories, (+24.9% y/y). Less petroleum, factory inventories fell 0.1% (+4.1% y/y) in September for the third decline in the last four months and have been virtually unchanged since March.
Inventory declines last month centered mostly in nondurables industries where textile products fell 0.9% (-0.1% y/y) and paper products fell 0.8% (+2.5% y/y). Plastics &amp; rubber products also fell a sharp 1.8% (+6.4% y/y) and paints &amp; coatings inventories fell 1.0% (+6.3% y/y).
Electrical equipment inventories rose 1.0% (3.2% y/y) after four months of declines while machinery inventories rose 0.2% (9.3% y/y). Computers &amp; electronic components rose 0.1% (-0.3% y/y) but electronic computer inventories rose 4.4% (0.9% y/y).<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103f.jpg" width="353">
Factory shipments fell 0.5% after an upwardly revised 2.1% surge in August, however, less a 3.4% jump in shipments from petroleum refineries factory shipments fell 0.9% (3.9% y/y).
Factory sector orders fell 1.7%. The advance report of a 2.1% drop in durables goods orders was revised to -2.4%.
Unfilled orders jumped 0.7% on top of the 1.6% August spurt. Less the transportation sector backlogs surged 1.2% (8.9% y/y) and the ratio of unfilled orders to shipments jumped.<a href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/05/07/Gali.pdf"> </a>

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@ED/@ED01/@ED0101/@ED01016/@ED01016.HTM">Factory Survey</a> (NAICS)</th>
<th scope="col">Sept</th>
<th scope="col">Aug</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Inventories</td>
<td>-0.1%</td>
<td>-0.2%</td>
<td>4.9%</td>
<td>7.7%</td>
<td>-1.1%</td>
<td>-5.4%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">New Orders</td>
<td>-1.7%</td>
<td>2.9%</td>
<td>7.0%</td>
<td>9.3%</td>
<td>3.5%</td>
<td>-2.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Shipments</td>
<td>-0.5%</td>
<td>2.1%</td>
<td>6.6%</td>
<td>9.5%</td>
<td>1.5%</td>
<td>-2.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Unfilled Orders</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
<td>1.6%</td>
<td>10.4%</td>
<td>8.4%</td>
<td>8.0%</td>
<td>-8.5%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
PMI Surveys Around the World in October:  Europe Looks Better, China Does Not! 
by <a href="/comment/Stone.html">Carol Stone</a> November 3, 2005


<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103j.jpg" width="353">
Purchasing manager surveys suggest economies in Europe and Japan are improving, while China might be showing signs of moderation. These monthly polls are published by NTC Research in London and conducted by local business organizations, such as Nomura in Japan and Reuters in the UK. The results are shown as diffusion indexes, which show the percentage of respondents that report increasing business for a given month. As with the ISM data in the US, manufacturing is reported on the first business day of the following month, with nonmanufacturing (mostly services) following two days later. The indexes are calculated as the percentage reporting rising business plus half of those reporting a flat performance. The resulting indexes are then seasonally adjusted.
In October, companies in the Euro-Zone saw business increase more broadly, with a manufacturing index of 52.69 and services, 54.95. Both show notable improvements from earlier in the year. European manufacturing faced a mild contraction (readings below 50%) in the spring and the service sector experienced sluggish growth in the year through August before picking up smartly in the last two months. Patterns in the UK recently have been somewhat similar, with a brief outright contraction in manufacturing during the spring, but some subsequent pickup; activity at UK service companies has held within a persistent and narrow range since the middle of 2004, indicating steady moderate growth.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103h.jpg" width="353">
In contrast, growth in Russia&#39;s manufacturing sector has slowed in the last two months. This PMI index has ranged from roughly 50 to 55 over the last several years, with September and October dropping into the lower end of the span. Services, though, are holding up well with some strengthening evident so far in 2005. Price behavior in these sectors varies as well: input prices for manufacturers show a trendless, but widely varying oscillation, while service companies&#39; input prices have risen at a dramatically larger number of firms recently.
Only manufacturing surveys are taken in Japan and China. Japanese factories appear to be doing better, with that index ratcheting upward all year long. This firming even includes employment; this index worked its way above 50% during 2004, and since March of this year, it has averaged 52.5. While not high by world standards, it looks good for Japan. The survey began in October 2001, and both the total index and the employment component were down around 40 at the time. Such improvement in manufacturing seems at odds with the Japanese government&#39;s synthetic indexes reported here Monday by Louise Curley, in which marked slowing or even decline is indicated for the Japanese economy in Q3. Clearly, at the least, various data may diverge over brief time periods. In this case, the synthetic indexes are meant to describe demand conditions, while the PMI survey looks at supply, and that in only one sector. This makes judging the prospects for even the direction of business in Japan a tough call.<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051103i.jpg" width="353">
China is even more intriguing. Its manufacturing index has dropped steadily since its inception 18 months ago, and now stands just barely above 50%. The moderation appears in most of the survey components, including new orders and backlogs. Notably, output prices are below 50%, indicating declines at more companies than have increases. And in the last three months, employment at factories has been ever so slightly below 50%, basically indicating that it has stopped growing. These results feel odd for a country with GDP growth at about 9-1/2%, led by manufacturing. Perhaps the pattern is a relative one. With such a high growth trend, merely keeping up pace may give the impression of slowing, particularly from the high base that obtained in the spring of 2004 when the survey started. Asia is clearly full of interesting economic developments. We eagerly await more information on how they&#39;re doing.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol">&nbsp;</th>
<th scope="col">October 2005</th>
<th scope="col">September 2005</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Euro-Zone</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Manufacturing</td>
<td>52.69</td>
<td>51.74</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Services</td>
<td>54.92</td>
<td>54.65</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">UK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Manufacturing</td>
<td>51.72</td>
<td>51.52</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Services</td>
<td>56.14</td>
<td>55.05</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Russia</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Manufacturing</td>
<td>51.23</td>
<td>51.83</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Services</td>
<td>60.75</td>
<td>59.48</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Japan</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Manufacturing</td>
<td>54.74</td>
<td>54.46</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">China</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Manufacturing</td>
<td>50.07</td>
<td>50.85</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051102e.jpg" width="353">
German labor market data was largely favorable in the report issued this morning by the Federal Statistics Office and the Bundesbank. Employment of German residents rose 41,000 in September, following a 29,000 gain in August (seasonally adjusted). The number of workers remains below year-earlier levels but it started to rise, however hesitantly, in May. Another positive development is a marked increase in the number of job vacancies, which numbered 498,000 in October, up 27,000 in the month and 83% greater than a year ago (272,000).
The performance of unemployment depends on which measure is used. The standard German &quot;registered unemployment&quot; remains stubbornly high, at 11.6% in October after 11.7% in September. This is about where the rate has been throughout 2005. The ILO definition, by contrast, has come down sharply. Its latest reading is for September, when it fell to 8.4% from 9.3% in August. This latter, while appearing quite constructive, is not so attractive when labor force developments are considered. The labor force, according to the ILO definition, fell nearly 400,000 in September. Thus, unemployment declined not so much because job market conditions were better, but because people pulled away from it.<img align="right" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051102d.jpg" width="353">
Further, the job opportunities that are available have shown most strength in the &quot;part-time&quot; segment. Among total vacancies, those for part-time work have hovered around an 18.6% share for several years. But in 2005, they have jumped dramatically and, accounting for more than half of the year-on-year increase in vacancies, reached 32.5% of the total in August, the latest reported figure.
So there are hesitant signs of improvement in the German labor market: some increase in jobs and at worst a stabilization of unemployment. The growing emphasis on part-time work is a two-edged sword: it can perhaps enhance the number of jobs, but each job would afford smaller wages and benefits than full-time work. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan highlights the increased flexibility of US markets as a favorable development, which can help cushion the US economy from shocks. Seen in that light, greater flexibility in German labor markets, a topic of contention in their recent elections, could possibly also limit the harm from such negative forces as high energy costs.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/G10/@GA/@GA6/@GA6.HTM">German Labor Data</a> (Seasonally Adjusted)</th>
<th scope="col">Oct 2005</th>
<th scope="col">Sept 2005</th>
<th scope="col">Aug 2005</th>
<th scope="col">Year Ago</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Employment: German Residents (Mil)</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>38.76</td>
<td>38.72</td>
<td>38.83</td>
<td>38.78</td>
<td>38.63</td>
<td>38.99</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Change (Thous or %)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>+41</td>
<td>+29</td>
<td>-0.17%</td>
<td>0.38%</td>
<td>-0.92%</td>
<td>-0.56%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Unemployment (ILO, Mil)</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>3.56</td>
<td>3.98</td>
<td>3.95</td>
<td>3.94</td>
<td>3.71</td>
<td>3.24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Total = Labor Force (Mil)</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>42.32</td>
<td>42.70</td>
<td>42.78</td>
<td>42.71</td>
<td>42.34</td>
<td>42.22</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Unemployment Rate (ILO, %)</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>8.4</td>
<td>9.3</td>
<td>9.2</td>
<td>9.2</td>
<td>8.8</td>
<td>7.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Registered Unemployment Rate (%)</td>
<td>11.6</td>
<td>11.7</td>
<td>11.6</td>
<td>10.7</td>
<td>10.5</td>
<td>10.5</td>
<td>9.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Job Vacancies (Thous)</td>
<td>498</td>
<td>471</td>
<td>445</td>
<td>272</td>
<td>284</td>
<td>351</td>
<td>447</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
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German labor market data was largely favorable in the report issued this morning by the Federal Statistics Office and the Bundesbank. Employment of German residents rose 41,000 in September, following a 29,000 gain in August [...]

Modest Gains in German Employment; Unemployment Rates Up or Down, Depending on Definition

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/051102a.jpg" width="353">
The total number of mortgage applications fell a sharp 4.8% last week on the heels of a 7.9% decline the prior period according to the Mortgage Bankers Association. The decline pulled the average level of applications in October 7.8% below September.
Purchase applications fell especially hard last week, dropped 6.2% following a 7.4% decline the week earlier and pulled the October average 5.0% below September&#39;s. During the last ten years there has been a 49% correlation between the y/y change in purchase applications and the change in new plus existing single family home sales.
Applications to refinance fell another 2.8% following an 8.5% decline the prior week. The October average fell 11.4% from September and the figure was 77.5% below the high during 2003.
The effective interest rate on a conventional 30-year mortgage rose to 6.46% from 6.30% the prior week and the effective rate on a 15-year mortgage rose to 6.06%, the highest since July 2002. The interest rate on 15 and 30 year mortgages are closely correlated (&gt;90%) with the rate on 10 year Treasury securities.
The Mortgage Bankers Association surveys between 20 to 35 of the top lenders in the U.S. housing industry to derive its refinance, purchase and market indexes. The weekly survey accounts for more than 40% of all applications processed each week by mortgage lenders. Visit the Mortgage Bankers Association site <a href="http://www.mbaa.org">here</a>.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/SURVEYW/@S5/@S5.HTM">MBA Mortgage Applications (3/16/90=100)</a></th>
<th scope="col">10/28/05</th>
<th scope="col">10/21/05</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Total Market Index</td>
<td>646.7</td>
<td>679.1</td>
<td>-15.1%</td>
<td>735.1</td>
<td>1,067.9</td>
<td>799.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Purchase</td>
<td>437.6</td>
<td>466.4</td>
<td>-11.9%</td>
<td>454.5</td>
<td>395.1</td>
<td>354.7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Refinancing</td>
<td>1,862.8</td>
<td>1,916.8</td>
<td>-19.1%</td>
<td>2,366.8</td>
<td>4,981.8</td>
<td>3,388.0</td>
</tr>
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The total number of mortgage applications fell a sharp 4.8% last week on the heels of a 7.9% decline the prior period according to the Mortgage Bankers Association. The decline pulled the average level of applications in October 7.8% [...]

Mortgage Applications Off Again

US and China big leaders in adoption of AI models

Robust US demand for advanced technology products

China's export growth rotating away from the US

More pronounced upward revisions in countries more exposed to AI investment

Stable job openings and hiring rates point to cautious hiring

Global freight costs are on the rise while supply chain pressures are contained

Accelerating positive economic surprises in the G10 are boosting the global economy

Considerably more monetary ease expected from US and UK as Japan tightens

Tighter US immigration enforcement adversely impacting labor force

Economic policy uncertainty, while still elevated, is declining

Gradual disinflation and easier monetary policies across advanced economies

Largest October layoffs since 2003, led by technology

Subdued global shipping costs not yet pointing to supply chain problems

PMIs show still-elevated but slowing US inflation

AI boosting US investment in data centers

US productivity growth has been significantly faster than in other major economies

Consumers' short-term US inflation expectations still elevated while longer-term expectations of financial markets are steady

US financial markets have gotten used to elevated policy uncertainty

FOMC now expects more rate cuts going forward than in June

China gaining ASEAN exports while US exports slump

Job openings less than the number unemployed in July for first time since 2021

Reaccelerating goods price inflation along with sticky services inflation clouds the outlook

Falling oil prices aren't pulling down inflation expectations, pointing to a boost from increased tariffs

Equity market exuberance outpacing macroeconomic data

Apart from Japan, Blue Chip forecasters expect further sizable monetary easing

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Andrew Cates

**The Global Monetary Policy Consensus**
The latest Blue Chip Financial Forecasts survey points to a notably more balanced global monetary policy outlook over the coming year. In contrast to the pronounced easing bias that dominated much of the past two years, expectations are now more symmetric, with a similar number of central banks projected to raise rates as to ease policy. Japan is seen delivering further tightening, while Canada is expected to initiate an interest rate hike in coming months. In Australia’s case, this tightening guidance was reinforced this week, with the Reserve Bank lifting its policy rate by 25 basis points. Elsewhere, and in contrast, the euro area, UK and US are expected to move in the opposite direction.

260205Z1.jpg

**US manufacturing activity**
The second chart underscores the recent improvement in US economic momentum, highlighted by an unexpected surge in the January ISM manufacturing PMI. After spending much of the past year hovering below the 50 threshold consistent with stagnation, the index jumped sharply back into expansionary territory, signalling a renewed pickup in industrial activity. This rebound has coincided with a broader run of stronger-than-anticipated US economic data, as reflected in the upswing in the Citigroup Economic Surprise Index. Together, these developments point to a US economy that continues to display notable resilience, complicating expectations of monetary easing in the near term.

260205Z2.jpg

**US Bank Lending Standards and Financial Stress** 
The next chart turns to US financial conditions, highlighting the latest readings from the Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey. The net proportion of banks tightening lending standards on corporate loans and mortgages is now more modest by historical standards, and well below the extremes seen during past episodes of financial stress. Some easing in credit headwinds has occurred alongside relatively subdued readings on the OFR Financial Stress Index, which continues to hover below its long-run average. Together, these indicators suggest that the US financial system has continued to avoid the kind of acute stress typically associated with sharp slowdowns in credit availability—helping to underpin the recent resilience in economic activity.

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**Semiconductor Sales**
The fourth chart highlights the renewed surge in global semiconductor sales, with momentum strengthening sharply over recent months across the Americas, China and the broader Asia-Pacific region. After the cyclical downturn in 2022–23, sales have rebounded to fresh highs, reflecting a powerful revival in demand for advanced chips and related technologies. This upswing has taken place amid intense investor preoccupation with artificial intelligence, with expectations that AI adoption will drive a sustained wave of capital spending on data centres, cloud infrastructure and high-performance computing. In contrast, semiconductor sales in Europe remain comparatively subdued, reflecting the region’s smaller footprint in high-end chip manufacturing, weaker industrial demand, and the ongoing impact of slower economic growth. While semiconductors are inherently cyclical, markets have increasingly interpreted the current rebound elsewhere as structural rather than purely cyclical—underpinned by the belief that AI represents a transformative and durable source of demand growth.

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**Large-Scale AI Models**
The next chart illustrates the rapid proliferation of large-scale AI models globally, with newly updated data for 2025 pointing to a further sharp acceleration in development activity. The United States continues to lead by a wide margin, while China has also seen a steep rise in model deployment in recent years, underscoring the intensifying technological competition between the two economies. Growth in the UK and other regions has been more modest by comparison, highlighting the increasingly concentrated nature of AI innovation. Taken together with the surge in semiconductor sales, these trends help explain the market’s strong preoccupation with AI as a potential driver of future productivity and investment cycles—although the geographic concentration of activity also raises questions about the uneven distribution of any resulting economic gains.

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**An AI Bubble?** 
The final chart draws on the latest Blue Chip Financial Forecasts special questions, highlighting market participants’ perceptions of the economic gains likely to be delivered by artificial intelligence. While a sizeable share of respondents still believe that financial markets may be overestimating AI’s potential benefits, an increasing proportion now judge current expectations to be broadly accurate, with only a small minority viewing the gains as underestimated. Notably, this represents a softening in scepticism compared with the survey results from last month, when concerns about excessive market optimism were more pronounced. The shift suggests a growing acceptance that AI-related investment and innovation could translate into meaningful economic impacts—though uncertainty remains high around the scale, timing and distribution of these gains.

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Financial markets have experienced renewed gyrations in recent weeks, as shifting geopolitical risks, questions around Federal Reserve independence, renewed talk of US dollar “debasement,” and ongoing enthusiasm surrounding artificial intelligence have combined to drive volatility across asset classes. These cross-currents have also contributed to a degree of rotation away from high-flying technology stocks, as investors reassess valuations and the timing of anticipated AI-driven gains. Against this backdrop, the charts in this week’s COTW highlight several important themes. Policy rate expectations now appear more balanced globally, marking a clear shift away from the one-sided easing bias of the past two years (chart 1), even as resilient US data—underscored by the unexpected jump in the January ISM index and a run of positive economic surprises—continues to complicate the outlook for monetary easing (chart 2). At the same time, US financial conditions remain relatively benign, with limited evidence of widespread credit stress or aggressive tightening in lending standards (chart 3). Meanwhile, the sharp rebound in semiconductor sales and the accelerating rollout of large-scale AI models underscore why investors remain so focused on the AI narrative, even as Europe lags behind due to weaker industrial momentum and a smaller footprint in advanced chip production (charts 4 and 5). Finally, while some scepticism about AI’s ultimate economic impact persists, the latest survey results suggest a moderation in concerns that markets are materially overestimating its gains (chart 6). Taken together, these developments paint a picture of a US economy that remains more resilient than many had anticipated, set against a financial landscape increasingly shaped by powerful—if sometimes competing—narratives around geopolitics, policy, and technological transformation.

Charts of the Week: Balanced Policy, Resilient Data and AI Narratives

Robert Brusca

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With the December report, Germany’s production and some of the early European industrial production data reveal a good deal of chaos in terms of the embedded trends. On the month, German industrial production fell by 1.9%, with consumer goods output up by 0.5%, capital goods output falling by 5.3%, and intermediate goods output falling by 1.2%. Among the early reporters in the monetary union—France, Spain, and Portugal—only Spain showed an increase in manufacturing IP in December; however, Spanish industrial production is notoriously volatile.

**Broader IP trends in Germany and elsewhere in Europe**
As for other early industrial production reporters, both Sweden and Norway showed strong-to-solid gains in December and each of them showed two-months of gains in a row. Beyond that, sequential growth rates from 12-months to six-months to three-months show accelerating growth in German consumer goods output against decelerating growth for intermediate goods. Real manufacturing output and real sales show mixed results- no clear trends; however, real manufacturing orders in Germany are off the map strong. 

**German manufacturing/industrial Surveys**
German industrial surveys from the IFO for manufacturing shows persistent weakening as well as for IFO manufacturing expectations, and in the EU Commission industrial index in the last three months. More broadly, Germany shows some modest but ongoing step up all of these based on average levels from 12-months to six-months to three-months for IFO expectations and the EU Commission industrial readings with mixed results for other survey readings.

**IP trends in Europe**
For the early reporting EMU members France, Spain, and Portugal, who report industrial production trends, each show mixed monthly trends against ongoing decelerations for manufacturing output over the broader sequential periods (12-month, to 6-month, to 3-month). However, for other Europe, Sweden and Norway, manufacturing trends are steadily accelerating on this broader timeline.

**A feeling of ‘Deja- What?’**
These combinations of opposed trends mixed with a lack of trends leave us with this sense of confusion about what's going on in manufacturing. For Germany, the extreme strength in orders is reassuring since orders should be forward-looking rather than backward-looking or even contemporaneous. But orders can also be a fickle series and so we'll have to watch it to see if the trends for German orders hold up.

**Current quarter-What’s been happening now**
In addition, current quarter growth for Germany actually looks quite good with industrial production up 3.7% at an annual rate in the current quarter, led by output increases in manufacturing against a decline in the intermediate goods output. Real orders in the quarter are surging at a 44% growth rate, while real sales in manufacturing only had a 0.1% uptick at an annual rate. The industrial indicators for Germany in the quarter show weakness or flatness with the only exception being IFO manufacturing expectations that advanced by a small amount. The three EMU members who report industrial production data show positive growth in the just-completed quarter except for Portugal where industrial production is falling at a 2.9% rate in the fourth quarter. Sweden and Norway, European countries but not monetary union members, show a strong 22% annual rate gain in Sweden against the 3% annual rate decline in Norway.

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**Rankings**
**How growth rates stack up…**
Moving away from short-term trends, the rankings of growth rates of these various metrics using 12-month growth rates on data back to 2006, show below-median growth rates for German industrial production and all three of its major sectors. All of them have rankings below the 50% mark where the median resides. Germany’s manufacturing output growth rate is below its median as is the growth of real sales; and once again real manufacturing orders break out and show a stunning 90th percentile standing, extremely strong compared to other growth rates on this period.

**Indicator rankings are poor**
However, the survey based industrial indicators for Germany, ranked based on their index levels, are all extremely weak and much weaker than German sector or other German metrics. The strongest indicator reading is the 29th percentile standing for IFO manufacturing expectations while the current ZEW index, IFO manufacturing index, and the EU Commission industrial readings, all reside below their 15th percentile. The survey rankings suggest that industrial sentiment is in much worse shape than activity and growth.

**IP elsewhere in Europe**
However, the growth ranking of manufacturing industrial production for the reporting EMU members and other European members are all quite solid, with percentile standings ranging from the 66th up to the 93rd percentile.

**Summing up**
From these data, Germany emerges as the weak economy compared with historic norms based on industrial production growth and indicator readings. However, there's a glimpse of positivity from the growth of real orders, and at the same time, some concern about ongoing sentiment for manufacturing in Germany as distinct from actual performance.

Germany

German IP Reveals Chaotic Trends

Winnie Tapasanun

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**Total job openings** fell 5.6% m/m (-12.9% y/y) to 6.542 million in December after a downwardly revised 7.0% decline to 6.928 million in November (previously -4.1% m/m; 7.146 million), according to the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey. December marked the third consecutive m/m fall and the lowest level since September 2020. The job openings rate declined to 3.9% in December, the lowest since April 2020, from 4.2% in November, remaining below a record-high 7.4% in March 2022. This rate is calculated as the ratio of job openings to total nonfarm employment plus openings. Significantly, the drop in job openings also lowered the **ratio of job openings to unemployed individuals** to 0.872 in December—the lowest since March 2021—from 0.890 in November, down from 1.085 in December 2024 and a pre-pandemic 1.211 in February 2020. A reading of 0.872 implies there were about 0.87 open jobs per unemployed person—indicating fewer openings than unemployed workers. December was the fifth time in six months that this ratio remained below 1.0.

**Private sector job openings** fell 6.8% (-12.5% y/y) to 5.804 million in December after a 6.6% fall to 6.227 million in November, registering the third successive m/m decline and the lowest level since September 2020. The private sector job openings rate fell to 4.1% in December, the lowest since April 2020, from 4.4% in November. The December m/m decline in private sector openings reflected drops of 27.7% (-36.9% y/y) in financial activities, 20.2% (-25.5% y/y) in professional & business services, 14.4% (-5.1% y/y) in trade, transportation & utilities, and 5.2% (-12.4% y/y) in private educational & health services. To the upside, private sector openings in the following categories rose m/m in December: other services (21.1%; 11.0% y/y), mining & lodging (17.6%; 0.0% y/y), information (13.5%; -4.7% y/y), manufacturing (8.5%; 0.5% y/y), leisure & hospitality (7.5%; -17.2% y/y), and construction (2.8%; 42.4% y/y). Meanwhile, government job openings rose 5.3% (-15.6% y/y) in December, the first m/m rise in three months, after a 10.6% drop in November.

**Total hiring** rebounded 3.4% (-1.5% y/y) to 5.293 million in December, the first m/m increase since September, following a 4.6% decrease to 5.121 million in November. The hiring rate edged up to 3.3% in December from 3.2% in November, though it remained below pre-pandemic levels. **Private sector hiring** rose 3.1% (-0.4% y/y) to 4.978 million in December, the third m/m rise in four months, after a 4.0% decline to 4.826 million in November. The private sector hiring rate rose to 3.7% in December from 3.5% in November, the same as in October and September. The December m/m increase in private sector hiring was led by a 32.1% jump (42.3% y/y) in information, followed by gains of 24.0% (-4.6% y/y) in financial activities, 23.5% (0.0% y/y) in mining & lodging, 6.5% (-4.8% y/y) in private educational & health services, 4.2% (-4.9% y/y) in trade, transportation & utilities, 3.6% (6.1% y/y) in construction, 3.4% (7.9% y/y) in leisure & hospitality, and 1.8% (-4.3% y/y) in manufacturing. To the downside, private sector hiring in professional & business services (-5.2%; +0.5% y/y) and other services (-4.3%; -16.5% y/y) declined m/m in December. Meanwhile, government hiring rebounded 6.4% (-16.3% y/y) in December, the first m/m rise since September, following a 13.5% drop in November.

**Total separations** rose 2.1% (3.3% y/y) to 5.251 million in December after a 1.5% rise to 5.144 million in November, marking the third m/m increase in four months and the highest level since September. The total separations rate edged up to 3.3% after holding at 3.2% in November and October. Private sector separations rose 1.6% (4.2% y/y) to 4.932 million in December, the highest level since June, while government sector separations jumped 10.4% (-9.1% y/y) to 319,000 following two consecutive m/m declines. **Total quits** (voluntary separations initiated by the employee) increased 0.3% (3.5% y/y) to 3.204 million in December, the third m/m rise in four months and the highest level since June, after a 7.4% rebound in November. The quits rate (a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs) held at 2.0% in December and November, slightly below 2.3% in February 2020. Private sector quits eased 0.2% (+4.5% y/y) following an 8.4% November rebound. **Layoffs and discharges** (involuntary separations initiated by the employer) increased 3.6% (5.6% y/y) to 1.762 million in December, up for the third time in four months, after an 8.1% drop in November. The layoffs & discharges rate remained at 1.1% in December and November, marginally below 1.3% in February 2020. Private sector layoffs grew 4.3% (7.8% y/y) following a 7.3% November decrease.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) data are available in Haver’s **USECON** database.

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- Job openings down 5.6% (-12.9% y/y) to 6.542 mil., third straight m/m decline.
- Hiring up 3.4% (-1.5% y/y) to 5.293 mil., first m/m increase since September.
- Separations rise to a three-month high; quits reach a six-month high; layoffs rebound.

U.S. JOLTS: Openings Drop to Lowest Level Since Sept. ’20; Hiring Rebounds in December

Sandy Batten

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Initial claims for unemployment insurance jumped 22,000 to 231,000 in the week ended January 31 following an unrevised 209,000 in the prior week. The four-week average rose to 212,250 from 206,250. The Action Economics Forecast Survey looked for 213,000 claims to have been filed. Winter Storm Fern and the accompanying very cold temperatures could have provided a temporary boost. Historically speaking, claims remain at low levels.

The total number of unemployment insurance beneficiaries—also known as “continuing claims”—increased by 25,000 to 1.844 million in the week ending January 24, from a downwardly revised 1.819 million in the prior week (previously 1.827 million). The insured unemployment rate remained at 1.2% in the week of January 24, unchanged from the previous eight weeks.

The insured unemployment rate varied greatly across individual states and territories. In the week ending January 17, the highest unemployment rates were in Rhode Island (2.83%), New Jersey (2.77%), Massachusetts (2.67%), Washington (2.54%), and Minnesota (2.45%). The lowest rates were in Florida (0.30%), North Carolina (0.42%), Louisiana (0.43%), Alabama (0.46%), and Arkansas (0.47). Rates in other notable states include Illinois (2.15%), California, (2.08%), New York (2.02%), Pennsylvania (1.91%), and Texas (1.09%). These state data are not seasonally adjusted.

Data on weekly unemployment claims are from the Department of Labor itself, not the Bureau of Labor Statistics. They begin in 1967 and are contained in Haver’s **WEEKLY** database and summarized monthly in **USECON**. Data for individual states are in **REGIONW** back to December 1986.

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- New claims jumped 22,000 to 231,000, the highest level since December 6.
- Continuing claims rose to 1.844 million from 1.819 million.

U.S. Initial Unemployment Claims Surged in Latest Week

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German real orders in December adjusted for inflation rose strongly again, gaining 7.8% month-to-month after rising 5.7% month-to-month in November. Foreign orders were up by 5.6% in December compared to 5.2% in November. Domestic orders surged by 10.7% in December after rising 6.4% in November and 10% in October.

**Real sales**
Real sales were mixed in December with overall sales falling 1.4% month-to-month mostly on weakness in capital goods sales.

**Broad categorical acceleration**
Many flows are accelerating this month. Sequential growth rates show acceleration. Total real orders accelerate from a year ago, to the current year, to six-months, and to three-months. Sales growth rates for consumer goods, consumer nondurables, and intermediate goods all show accelerations in gear. The exceptions are foreign orders that are not as strong over six months compared to their 12-month growth. And on the sales side, consumer durables sales and capital goods sales are weak.

**Quarter-to-quarter**
Quarterly annualized growth is complete for Q4 with this report. Foreign orders are the ‘weak flow’ expanding at a 13.6% annual rate – certainly not a weak growth rate. But domestic real orders are up at an astounding 101.9% annual rate. The net impact on the total real orders growth is to lift it to a pace of 44.1%. 

**Order ranking is very strong**
The table provides two rankings: one based on the level of variables and the other based on its year-on-year growth. The rankings this month for real orders overall, foreign, and domestic orders all reside in their top 80th to 90th percentiles- extremely strong based on level or growth. Sales do not follow suit. This gives us some reason to suspect that there is some lumpiness involved in the manufacturing data as distinct from strength. That will be something to watch. Overall mining and manufacturing sales growth is essentially at its historic median at a rank of 49.8. However, capital goods, intermediate goods and manufacturing sales all have rankings at or above their medians - as high as a 61-percentile standing for capital goods.

**Industrial confidence**
Industrial confidence for Germany, France, Italy and Spain (the EU’s big-four economies) show rankings based on these survey levels that are much lower at the 11th percentile for Germany, the 42nd and 36th percentiles, for France and Italy, respectively. Spain scores better with a 61.8 percentile standing on its industrial confidence measure. 

On balance, there is now an accelerating profile that is broad in sales trends and especially strong order trends. Perhaps Europe, under the pressure to stimulate its miliary capabilities, has a core of demand to help drive output ahead more consistently. This is something to watch in the coming months.

Economy in Brief: 2005

Jump to:

PMI Surveys Around the World in October: Europe Looks Better, China Does Not!

U.S. Factory Inventories Slip

ISM Non-Manufacturing Index Recovered

Initial Unemployment Insurance Claims At Two Month Low

3Q U.S. Productivity Strong

3Q U.S. Productivity Strong

Modest Gains in German Employment; Unemployment Rates Up or Down, Depending on Definition

Mortgage Applications Off Again