Economy in Brief: August 2023

Japan's GDP in the second quarter of 2023 jumped to a 6% annual rate after gaining 3.7% at an annual rate in the first quarter. These two growth rates are a sharp breakout from the 2022-Q4 growth rate of 0.2% and the Q3 growth rate of -1.2% for real GDP.

However, on close inspection of the numbers, there's not much in this GDP report that is terribly impressive about the performance of the domestic economy nor does the domestic economy seem to be the source of inflation pressures.

The major GDP accounts Quarterly annual rates of growth show private consumption falling at a 2.1% annual rate with public consumption up at a 0.4% annual rate in the second quarter. Those are weak metrics. Gross capital formation produces a second positive growth rate in a row in the second quarter, rising at a 2.2% annual rate compared to the first quarter when it had grown at a 6.8% annual rate. Spending on capital equipment in the second quarter was up at only a 0.1% pace after a very strong 7.6% growth rate in the first quarter. Housing was strong, with real spending growing at a 7.7% annual rate, stepping up strongly from solid growth rates in the previous two quarters as the housing recovery continued. Net exports exploded in the quarter, rising by two trillion yen with the export/import gap accounting for all the quarter-to-quarter increase in GDP by itself. Exports grew at a 13.6% annualized rate after falling at a 14.4% annualized rate in the first quarter. Imports fell again at a 16.2% annualized rate after falling at an 8.7% annualized rate in the first quarter. Domestic demand fell at a 1.1% annualized rate after rising at a 4.6% annualized rate in the first quarter.

The active forces at work The sharp turn-around in GDP net exports has to do with the sharp reversal of exports in the second quarter along with the sharp reversal in imports as those two changes worked in tandem to magnify the impact on the current account balance (GDP-net exports). The contribution of net exports to GDP in the second quarter is greater than the increase in GDP on its own and the change in net exports from a deficit position in the first quarter is greater still. That change is being driven by some unexpected strength in exports, although exports, if we look at year-over-year data, are not performing in an exceptional way in the second quarter. Year-over-year export growth moves up to 3.2% in the second quarter compared to 1.9% in the first quarter, but that's still weaker than the export year-over-year growth rate in the third and fourth quarters of 2022. The main contribution of exports is that they jumped back to trend growth so quickly after having had a very weak first quarter. Imports, on the other hand, are showing some pronounced and sequential weakness; imports grew sharply in the third quarter of 2022, but after that they've declined quarter-to-quarter for three quarters in a row and they have logged progressively larger rates of decline. It's in the import growth rate where we see the real trend because year-over-year import are lower by 1.5% in the second quarter; they had been up by 4.1% in the first quarter, and in the previous two quarters, year-on-year imports grew at annual rates of about 10%. There is a clear import slowdown and contraction in progress linked to weak domestic demand conditions.

Strength though weakness- really! Japan's GDP report is basically a study in irony. Japanese GDP growth is strong because Japanese domestic demand is weak <- not a typo or a mistake. Domestic demand falls at a 1.1% annual rate in the second quarter with private consumption falling at a 2.1% annual rate and with public consumption weak at only a 0.4% annualized gain. Capital formation for plant & equipment also slowed sharply to only a 0.1% pace although gross fixed capital formation grew at a 2.2% annual rate and housing stepped up to log a strong growth rate at 7.7%. However, adding these all together, we get very weak domestic growth as is evident in the aggregate figure. Weak domestic demand means weak imports, explaining the sharp drop in imports that imparted a boost to GDP, hence strength though weakness! Meanwhile, exports picked up in the quarter and moved back to trend growth.

Year-on-year trends Year-over-year figures show relatively weak domestic demand growing at only a 0.9% annual rate in the second quarter, with private consumption growing at a 0.3% annual rate and public consumption also at a 0.3% annual rate. The capital formation figures and housing show growth rates in the neighborhood of 3 to 3 ½ percent per year. The year-on-year growth rate for GDP in the second quarter moved up to 2.1% from 1.9% in the first quarter and it was boosted by 3.2% increase in exports and once again - ironically – ‘helped’ by a 1.5% decline in imports, since imports are a subtraction from GDP. All things equal weaker imports produce stronger GDP.

The chart (on the left) is a reminder about how inflation works. This chart works for Finland; it works for most countries showing the tracking of overall inflation against oil prices. The chart shows current developments as well as some from 2016 and 2018 when oil prices flared and had a much more muted impact on overall inflation in Finland. However, the spike in oil prices in 2021 has added to other factors and had a substantial impact on inflation; meanwhile, the subsequent runoff in Brent prices preceded the deceleration of inflation in Finland as well as globally.

Once you have those results, it's instructive to look at what oil prices are doing currently. From the chart (on the right), we can see that the long run down in oil prices has finally bottomed and between June and August oil prices are once again rising. This plot of daily oil prices includes the European free market price of Brent as well as the U.S. domestic price for West Texas intermediate. This turnabout in crude prices suggests that some of the best news on inflation may be over at least for the headline.

Today’s UK GDP figures suggest the economy grew more strongly than expected in Q2, notwithstanding fears of stagnation. Still, the UK’s economic performance since the pandemic has been lacklustre, to say the least.

The key details of the report can be summarised as follows:

• UK GDP grew by 0.2% in Q2 following growth of 0.1% in the previous quarter. Market expectations were centred on an unchanged GDP level. • On the output side, service sector activity rose by 0.1% q/q, production by 0.7% q/q and construction by 0.3% q/q. The economy’s expansion in other words was broadly based.
• On the expenditure side, the gain in GDP was driven by a 0.7% rise in household consumption after no growth in Q1. • Government spending rose by 3.1% in Q2 primarily due to higher spending on public administration and defence. • In contrast, there was no growth in gross fixed capital formation in the latest quarter as a 3.4% increase in business investment was offset by a 6.7% fall in government investment. • Net trade also restrained the economy’s expansion as import volumes grew more quickly than exports. • While the stronger-than-expected gain in GDP in Q2 will be welcomed, the UK’s post-pandemic economic performance has been slow. The level of GDP in Q2 2023, for example, was still some 0.2% below the level in Q4 2019, just prior to the onset of the pandemic.