Haver Analytics
Haver Analytics

Introducing

Robert Brusca

Robert A. Brusca is Chief Economist of Fact and Opinion Economics, a consulting firm he founded in Manhattan. He has been an economist on Wall Street for over 25 years. He has visited central banking and large institutional clients in over 30 countries in his career as an economist. Mr. Brusca was a Divisional Research Chief at the Federal Reserve Bank of NY (Chief of the International Financial markets Division), a Fed Watcher at Irving Trust and Chief Economist at Nikko Securities International. He is widely quoted and appears in various media.   Mr. Brusca holds an MA and Ph.D. in economics from Michigan State University and a BA in Economics from the University of Michigan. His research pursues his strong interests in non aligned policy economics as well as international economics. FAO Economics’ research targets investors to assist them in making better investment decisions in stocks, bonds and in a variety of international assets. The company does not manage money and has no conflicts in giving economic advice.

Publications by Robert Brusca

  • The survey of the industrial sector by the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) shows ongoing weakness for orders and export orders as stocks build slightly more aggressively. The build out in stocks when orders and expectations for volume are falling is not a good sign and suggests that the inventory buildup may be involuntary and that may be setting the stage for weaker economic performance ahead.

    Total orders in November notch a reading of -37 on the net diffusion reading, about the same as the -38 logged in October. Both of those are significantly weaker than September's -27 and compare to a six-month and 12-month average around minus 32 and minus 33.

    Export orders are improved in November but still quite weak at a reading of -31 compared to -46 in October. At -31 the November net reading for exports is similar to the six- and 12-month averages which are -32 and -33, respectively.

    Stocks of finished goods in November have moved up to +16 from +7 in October they were higher than the 12-month average and the higher than the six-and 12-month averages, the latter 2 hovering around values of 10 and 12 compared to this month's value of 16.

    An accelerating weakening appears, looking ahead for output volume over the next three months. The reading drops to -30 in November from -19 in October and -14 in September; the 12-month average stands at -13 with the six-month average of -15. This is a severe deterioration

    Average prices over the next three months, however, as expected output volume deteriorates sharply in November is expected to see less pressure. The November value for prices in 3-months at a reading of +7 compares to score if +16 in October. At +7 the price expectations are well below the 12-month average which has been 18 and the six-month average which checks in at +13. With economic cooling expected, cooling in price pressures are expected to accompany that slow down.

    Standings by the numbers: The queue standings of the November variables are uniformly weak. The exception is stocks of finished goods which have a 74-percentile standing displaying strength in that measure while orders and expected output volume are weak as a bad sign. Average prices, while losing some momentum in November, still have a standing at their 53.7 percentile, slightly above their median- so these are still somewhat heated price readings although the pressure is off compared to October and compared to 6-month and 12-month standards. Total orders have a 9-percentile standing; export orders have a 26-percentile standing and the expectation for output volume over the next three months has only a 2.8 percentile standing.

    The activity and expected activity portions of the survey remain very weak. Their results support the idea that the economy may need more help from the Bank of England despite some ongoing inflation overshoot. As mentioned in yesterday's write up the inflation metrics are beginning to converge toward values that the Bank of England will find more acceptable although the current levels of variables measuring inflation are still too high. The momentum is in the right direction and with economic weakness in train, it's hard to imagine the Bank of England holding the line or standing on ceremony because inflation is still above target. The economy is beginning to emit signs that are a more significant outcry for help.

  • UK inflation gives the BOE a greenlight on rate cuts. UK inflation is still excessive at 3.8% over 12-months for the CPI-H and its core metric. But over six-months both of those drop; the headline drops to a pace of 2.9% and the Core drops to 3.0%. Over three-months inflation drops even lower to a headline pace of 2.3% and a care pace of 2.7%. Both are still above the 2% target but look much less dangerous.

    Stauch inflation fighters still will not like the results. But with the unemployment rate a year ago at 4.2% and now up to 5% (as of August) and with a one-half-of-one percentage point rise in the unemployment rate in the last six-months it becomes hard to hold the line on monetary policy. The BOE’s rate changes have mirrored those of the Fed in the US, but with the official; unemployment rate at 4% now and short-term inflation readings around 2 ½ percent and unemployment rising it would be hard for the central bank, especially given the turbulent UK political scene, to squeeze the economy further. IN the UK inflation is deflation whereas in the US inflation is stuck, possibly rising and facing the potential of pressure form tariffs.

    Inflation diffusion checks in below 50% (the level that marks equal tendencies for inflation to accelerate or decelerate across broad categories) for 12-months, 6-months, and 3-months. Over recent months, month-to-month inflation has been contained in terms of broad categories with two of three months showing monthly diffusion below 50%.

    It is hard to make any optimistic case for economic activity and if UK activity is going to slow, it is much easier to make a case for inflation containment to progress further. While the more up to date claimant count unemployment rate has been steady, the lagging overall rate has a clear uptrend that has to be viewed as worrisome.

    Like the Fed I would surely like to see more progress on inflation in the UK and I do not view current circumstances as optimal to cut rates. But the situation is simply slippery. And monetary policy is made in the real world under conditions or uncertainty. And real-world conditions surely pave the way for some continued rate cutting unless data and trends shift.

    In October, the CPI and Core rose by just 0.2% month-to-month with inflation rising in six of ten major categories month-to-month and after seeing only one category accelerate month –to- month in September and a split of five/five in August.

    Still, make no mistake about it, inflation is still too high. The question of the bet by the central bank will be on the future. When UK inflation is ranked on Year-over-year monthly observations back to early 2000, inflation is below its median year-to-year rise in only two of ten categories and ranked on the same period the freshest unemployment rate has been lower about 46% of the time marking the current (rising) rate of unemployment as slightly below its median for this period. But the claimant rate that has stabilized at a lower level is nonetheless higher on this period, less than 30% of the time, which means the stability in the claimant rate is not as reassuring as it seems. It would appear that policy dialogue in the UK is about to shift.

  • Canadian growth has been in its own trajectory with some solid consumer spending in gear and some slight slowing in GDP growth. Housing has begun to show some wear and tear in this environment even as mortgage rates have remained well off peak and have begun to stabilize around the 5% mark for 5-year mortgage financing.

    Canada has been cutting its policy target rate faster than the Fed has been reducing the Fed funds rate. Canada’s unemployment rate has hovered above the rate for the US and it has been rising; rising - not quickly - but with a bit more purpose than in the US. This may have encouraged the Bank of Canada to cut rates more aggressively with inflation fluctuating is the desired range set by the back of Canada.

    Canadian housing starts show the ‘signature slowing’ during Covid and the strong post-Covid recovery that actually has boosts starts well above the average it had maintained for the five-year previous to Covid. Even not with new episode of weakness in train Housing starts are above the pre-Covid average in Canada- and facing higher financing rates than before.

    Canada, like the US, is going through some difficult fiscal times. In addition, there is an ongoing Trump-Carney spat that is a heavy overlay on the bilateral relations so important to both economies. Canadian PM Mark Carney just survived a confidence vote over his budget. The Carney budget aims to pump funds into the Canadian provinces to boost infrastructure and house-building. In Canada builders also face development fees that some want altered but the offer of reducing them has not been put on the table. Not surprisingly Canada is under some of the same pressure as the US for the government to act and supply answers for the housing shortage that has emerged. Carney’s platform on which he was elected had made some substantial promises and they still are not coming to fruition.

    Covid seems to have upset a number of apple carts many of them related to housing. Prior to Covid housing demand had not been so vigorous. But Covid may have triggered something that reminded people how important housing can be especially in a crisis when you become house-bound. In the wake of Covid US and Canadian housing demand strengthened. And since the bank of Canada made the same policy mistake as the Fed driving interest rates to the brink of the zero bound during Covid it also created a period of super low mortgage rates which now has the effect of trapping people in their own homes- a form of "golden-handcuffs" that keep people in a house because of cheap financing. While mortgage rates are nearly 150bp below their post Covid peaks, they are still more than 100bps above their pre-Covid averages. The housing market remains under duress.

  • Inflation around the world appears to be rather similarly behaved Canada is a very close trading partner of the United States and so we might expect that there would be a little more connection between the prices in Canada and in the US and possibly we can learn something about the upcoming US CPI report by looking at the just-released Canadian CPI report.

    Canadian inflation is highly correlated with inflation in the US. The US and Canadian CPI's have a correlation of 0.97 on annual percentage changes. Canada's CPIx measure has a correlation with the US headline CPI of 0.94 and the Canadian core inflation rate has the correlation with US core inflation rate of 0.94. All of these measured against year over year inflation. Clearly with a good deal of trade and a long common border prices in the US and Canada have a chance to mix it up and affect one another and create some degree of homogeneity. However, none of that is really perfect. Despite the strong correlation between headline inflation and core inflation between the US and Canada, Canada's core CPI and the US core CPI have a correlation based on month-to-month changes of less than 0.2 Using an R-squared metric.

    Well, it might be somewhat comforting to look at Canadian inflation, and I think it's giving some guidance for the US. That would only be true over a long period of time, but it probably doesn't provide much guidance for us in terms of what we can expect from the month-to-month changes.

    While Canada's correlation with US inflation is high it's correlation with inflation in Japan it's only 0.33: only 1/3 of the variants in these two indicators is in common. In terms of the Euro-Area the correlation is less than -0.1, which tells us the correlation is negative and extremely small and of course not statistically significant.

    The Canadian CPIx measure shows inflation pretty flat at around 2.6% over 3 months and over 12 months. Canada's 6-mo CPI measure accelerates from 2.2% over 12-months to a 2.6% annual rate over 6-months to a 3% pace over three months. US inflation on these horizons essentially replicates what's presented by Canada's CPI X based on existing data. However, the R-squared association between the three month annualized percent change in the Canadian CPI versus the US CPI shows that they share about half of the same variation with an R-squared of about 0.5. And on this comparison Canada’s and US’ recent inflation trends appear to be highly similar.

    The Bank of Canada looks at inflation using several different metrics and it also looks at inflation relative to a range unlike the US, leading to a much more measured discussion of what inflation is and how it's performing.

    The decision by the Fed in the US to stick with a simple point forecast at this point is something that probably cannot be changed, at least not until the central bank is able to show that it can hit that target consistently. Even so, the Fed has not showed a great appetite for trying to express inflation in terms of a target band. However, when the Fed changed its framework agreement it did adopt something called flexible average inflation targeting (FAIT) which never really described for us or explained what it was and it has a set that approach aside I think to the pleasure of most economists.

    There continues to be buzzing and differences of opinion over what the inflation target should be in the US. However, the international standard has been set at 2 per cent and at this point adopting a number different than that doesn't seem to make a lot of sense. Adopting 2% with some flexibility might make some sense but, of course, the Fed is already doing that as it's allowed a 4 1/2-year overshoot of its inflation target as it continues to cut rates. This decision, however, does not amount to a change in the Fed’s inflation targeting but rather to a set of decisions that appears to be losing the Federal Reserve credibility. Meanwhile, the Bank of Canada, operating with the range and having had much the same kind of access that the Fed has had in hitting and missing its inflation target midpoint, has emerged from this period with its credibility largely intact.

  • The European Monetary Union released an uneventful GDP report with GDP rising by 0.2% quarter-to-quarter in 2025 Q3 compared to an increase of 0.1% quarter-to-quarter in the second quarter of 2015.

    At an annual rate, overall GDP rises at a 0.9% pace in the third quarter, up from 0.5% in the second quarter; that acceleration masks a deceleration in the year-over-year growth as Q3 growth is at 1.4% year-over-year compared to an increase of 1.5% year-over-year in the second quarter.

    The table shows eight early-reporting monetary union members and among these eight only two of them show GDP slowing in the third quarter compared to the second quarter on quarter-to-quarter changes. Ireland slows to -0.4% after gaining by 0.9% in the second quarter. Spain’s annual rate in the third quarter falls to 2.6% compared to a 3% pace in the second quarter.

    Looking at year-over-year growth rates, there are decelerations that are much more common. In fact, there are accelerations in only three of the countries: Belgium, France, and Portugal. Belgium’s GDP growth in the third quarter moves up to 1.1% from 1% in the second quarter, growth in France is at 0.9% in the third quarter compared to 0.7% in the second, while Portugal logs an increase of 2.4% compared to 1.8% year-over-year gain in the second quarter.

    Looking at growth in terms of the four largest EMU economies versus the rest, large economy growth notched 0.9% in the third quarter in terms of quarter-to-quarter changes compared to 0.4% in the second quarter. Euro area growth for the large economies was unchanged 0.8% in the third quarter; in fact, it has grown by 0.8% year-over-year in the first quarter, second quarter, and third quarter of 2025. The rest of the monetary union shows growth accelerating in the third quarter to 1.1% from 0.7% in the second quarter. However, the year-over-year growth rate for the rest of the monetary union drops down to 2.8% in the third quarter from 3.4% in the second quarter and that compares to 3.8% in the first quarter.

    The median growth rate, which is the growth rate among these eight countries and is unweighted, rises to 1.4% in the third quarter from 1% in the second quarter while the year-over-year growth rate has a median of 1.1% compared to 1.3% in the second quarter.

    The quarter-to-quarter growth rates favor slightly the smaller countries in terms of the growth rate being logged although both large and small countries show a stepup in growth from the second quarter to the third quarter. Year-over-year growth rates also show much stronger growth in the rest of the monetary union compared to the four largest EMU economies on a consistent basis in fact for each of the four quarterly year-over-year growth rates in the table.

    The rankings of growth give us some idea why we face these statistics, since three of the four largest monetary union economies log growth rates that are below their respective median growth rates since the late 1990s. Only three countries have growth rates above their medians on this timeline; those are Ireland, Portugal, and Spain. Germany, the largest monetary union economy, has a 30.4 percentile ranking for its year-on-year growth rate, France has a 28.3 percentile ranking, and Italy has a 35.9 percentile ranking.

    The numbers posted today are in line with preliminary results and what markets had expected. Growth in the euro area continues to be positive and to move ahead. The signs in this report are that there's more progress than regress quarter-to-quarter although the progress remains slow, it's also relatively broad. This is a positive report but not a glowing report.

  • Industrial output in the European Monetary Union in September advanced by 0.2% after falling by 1.1% in August and rising by 0.7% in July. Output of consumer goods fell in the month with overall consumer goods output falling by 2.5% and a 0.5% reduction in consumer durables output and a 2.6% reduction in the output of consumer nondurable goods. However, intermediate goods output grew by 0.3% and capital goods output rose by 0.3% in September. Output fell broadly across each of these sectors and subsectors in August but then it rose in all of them in July. Output metrics have been through a bit of turbulence over the last three months.

    Sequential Growth Performance Sequential calculations showing annual rates of growth over 12 months, six months and three months reveal some weakening in output and then some diminishing of that trend. Overall output rises by 1.4% over 12 months. Then output falls at a 4.9% annual rate over six months and that reduction in its cut to -0.8% over three months. Manufacturing follows that same pattern. Consumer goods output also follows that pattern, but durables and nondurables output of consumer goods are on the same wavelength with the only difference that consumer durables output also falls over 12 months. Intermediate goods output rises by 0.3% over 12 months, falls at a 3.3% rate over six months, and then rises at a 2.3% annual rate over three months. Capital goods output is up by 1.5% over 12 months, falls at a 2.9% annual rate for six months, and then is flat over three months. The sector results show a good deal of chaos in terms of trying to pin down a trend.

    Quarter-to-Date Quarter-to-date that now show results for the full third quarter on this preliminary note, reveal output eroding by 0.1% at an annual rate; manufacturing output falling at a 0.4% annual rate, with an increase in consumer goods at a 1% annual rate, created totally by an increase of 1.5% consumer nondurable goods output. Intermediate goods and capital goods both show output declines in the just-ended quarter.

    Rankings/Standings The percentile standings show that consumer durable goods output is below its median at a 39.9 percentile standing. Intermediate and capital goods output also are both below their medians (below 50%) but a 45-percentile standing for intermediate goods and a 46.8 percentile standing for capital goods prevail. However, these are not tremendously weak values; they're just slightly below their median rates of increase since the median rate of increase occurs at a ranking of 50%.

    Country Performance for Manufacturing We're revisiting the country data much of which has already been released. Out of 13 monetary union members in the table only 5 show output declines in September and none of the four largest economies log a decline in output in September. However, seven countries had logged declines in August, and six had logged declines in July.

    Countries Sequentially Turning to sequential data annual growth rates over 12 months, six months, and three months, there are declines in six countries over three months, in seven countries over six months but in only four countries over 12 months. The country's logging output declines over 12 months include Germany, Finland, Luxembourg, and Malta.

    Quarter-to-Date On a quarter-to-date to date basis, there are five countries that log output declines in the third quarter. They are Germany, Finland, Portugal, Luxembourg, and Malta.

    Country Standings The queue percentile standings show five countries with output increasing at a pace below its median pace since 2007. The average of the median standings across countries is a reading of 63.8% and that's the same as the standing for output in the whole euro area. While the performance of output is still somewhat irregular, conditions appear to be solidifying and risks to the downside appear to be diminishing. Conditions remain somewhat touch and go. The European Central Bank is in a waiting mode; it has not turned off its easing cycle. In the United States, it's unclear whether the Fed is going to continue the easing cycle or not. The government shutdown in the U.S. makes U.S. policy options more complicated although the outlook for growth in the United States in 2026 with new fiscal provisions in force and a rebound out of the government shutdown appear to be quite good. However, globally inflation is still largely excessive and central banks are definitely running out of room to become more stimulative.

  • Global money supply growth boomed during COVID. Then growth ‘busted,’ decelerating sharply with the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Monetary Union all showing monetary contraction to some degree throughout 2023. The only country to buck this trend was Japan which had a more modest boost in money supply during COVID and then more modest growth rates that decelerated and continued to gravitate toward near zero growth, until recently, when Japanese money supply started to accelerate very slightly.

    Euro Area Recent trends show nominal money growth in the euro area decelerating slightly from a 2.5% growth rate over 12 months to growth rates around 2% or a bit lower over three months and six months. Monetary union private credit has also decelerated from a growth rate of 2.4% over 12 months to 1.7% over six months and to a 1.3% annual rate over three-months.

    United States, United Kingdom, and Japan Nominal money supply growth in the U.S. remains fairly steady, growing 4.5% over 12 months and an annual rate of 5 to 5.4% over three months and six months. The U.K. nominal money supply growth is 3.5% over 12 months, 2.8% at an annual rate over six months and 3.6% at an annual rate over three months. Japan's M2 plus CDs has been stepping up its growth from 1.6% over 12 months to a 2% pace over six months to 4% at an annual rate over three months. Nominal money supply growth is mostly fluctuating between steady and stronger across these monetary center countries.

    Real balances in EMU Real money balances, however, are looking significantly weaker. In the European monetary Union, real M2 grows 0.3% over 12 months and then its growth rate slips to -0.6% at an annual rate over both three months and six months. Private credit in the euro area rises by 0.1% over 12 months, declines by 0.5% at an annual rate over six months, and declines at a 1.3% annual rate over three months. Real credit is weakening.

    More real balances In the U.S., real money supply growth is fluctuating, growing at 1.4% over 12 months, stepping up to 2.3% over six months and back to a 1.4% annual rate over three months. U.K. real money balances are simply shrinking at a -0.6% annual rate over 12 months and a -0.7% annual rate over three months. In Japan, real money balances are actually accelerating; real money growth is -1.3% over 12 months, which rises to plus 0.4% over six months with an annual rate of 2.9% at an annual rate over three months.

  • Macroeconomic expectations in the ZEW survey backtracked slightly in Germany while improving slightly in the United States in November. The economic situation improved slightly in the euro area and Germany while backtracking in the United States. That's the assessments of the current economic situation and expectations for Germany or the EMU that are moving in different directions in the U.S. and in Germany or in the U.S. vs. the European Monetary Union in November.

    Inflation expectations backed off across the board easing slightly in the euro area, Germany, and also in the United States. While that happened, expectations for short-term interest rates became less focused on rate cuts in the euro area and slightly less tilted toward the expectation for rate cuts in the U.S. as well. Long-term rate expectations receded somewhat in both Germany and in the U.S. in November by small amounts. Stock market expectations picked up in the euro area, Germany, and the U.S., and in most cases, somewhat significantly.

    The queue standings The queue standings are ranked standings of these various metrics, and they tell a clear story of how the ZEW experts see current conditions and policy tradeoffs. The euro area has an economic situation where the queue standing is at its 51st percentile, slightly above its historic median (on data since the early 1990s). However, Germany and the U.S. have very weak percentile standings with Germany in its 14.5 percentile and the U.S. in its 35th percentile. Macroeconomic expectations, however, find Germany at a solid 63.6 percentile while the U.S. is at a 23.3 percentile. ZEW experts are far more upbeat on prospects for German recovery right now than in the United States – and that seems odd to me with a lot of fiscal stimulus in train in the U.S. and tons of ‘AI’ investment.

    Inflation expectations are high in the U.S. at an 85.5 percentile standing, well above the historic median, and clearly showing threatening conditions. This compares to a 30% queue standing for the euro area and Germany.

    Short-term rate expectations are significantly below the median for both the euro area and the U.S. with the euro area at a 26.8 percentile and the U.S. at a 9.3 percentile standing. Long-term rate expectations have Germany at a 43-percentile and the U.S. at a more similar 35-percentile. Stock market expectations are fairly similar across the lot with the euro area at a 38-percentile standing, Germany at a 35-percentile standing and the U.S. at a 38-percentile standing.

  • Industrial production for the European Monetary Union (EMU) is not yet available for the union as a whole; however, a number of European countries have reported production, and they give us a good sense of what's happening. In September, among the 13 European countries that reported in the table, all but four of them showed increases in industrial production. Declines were posted in Ireland where production fell by 9.4% in one month, Luxembourg where it fell by 6.1%, Malta where it fell by 1.7%, and in Finland where it fell by 0.4%. In the remaining nine countries, production increased. The median increase for monetary union members in the table was a rise of 0.8% month-to-month. 45.5% of the reporters in the monetary union showed production acceleration.

    In August, there were 5 European members with production decreasing. Among European Monetary Union members, the median was a decline of 0.5% with 46.2% of the reporters showing output accelerating on the month. July had been a much worse month with 8 reporting European countries showing declines and with the monetary union median showing a decline of 0.3% and only 38.5% of the reporting EMU members showing output accelerating month-to-month.

    There has been gradual moderate improvement in these monthly statistics both in terms of improvement in the median and improvement in the breadth as output has accelerated, with a step back in August.

    Looking at the sequential data that compare three-month results to six-month results to 12-month results, we see a median annualized increase of 2.9% for output across monetary union members over three months; that's up from 0.8% over six months and compares to a 2.1% increase for monetary union members over twelve months. The breadth of increase over the period is above 50% on all the horizons and it's fairly steady over three months and six months at about a 54-percentile standing.

    September data conclude the results for the third quarter. In this quarter-to-date calculation, 6 of the 13 reporters in the table shows output declining in the third quarter. Monetary Union members generate a median increase of 0.3% in terms of annualized quarter-to-quarter industrial output changes. The pattern and the monthly data seem to be slightly stronger than what we see in the quarter-to-date.

    The final column of the table presents the queue standings that calculate the positioning of the year-over-year growth rates across country-reporters among growth rates back to late-2007. Ranked among this cluster of growth rates, only five of the current year-over-year rates stand at levels that are below their median growth rate for the period. Countries with below median growth rates (below a standing of 50%) for industrial production growth are Austria, Germany, Finland, Luxembourg, and Malta. Among these, only one belongs to the four largest economies in the monetary union—Germany, which is also the largest of them. Germany has the standing only its 39th percentile. The unweighted median ranking for the group of monetary union economies is at 57.3%, above the 50% mark and therefore above the historic median.

    The industrial production data for the monetary union in September is somewhat encouraging but certainly not crystal clear. There continues to be a lot of weaknesses displayed in the data. While the aggregate ranking is above its historic median, it's not above it by very much and clearly the growth rates are still relatively weak. There still is not a clear trend of acceleration in the group. However, what's lacking in the data is any sign of real deterioration. There clearly is weakness across countries but not a sense of deterioration. The best news in the report may be that there's not any really bad news.

  • The chart provides a good overview for German trade trend. The table breaks trade trends down by categories and provides growth rates on shorter horizons of 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. But the chart depicts the overarching trends well. It shows the German surplus being diminished on a gradual path and not altogether in a clear monotonic fashion. Export and import lines on the chart move mostly sideways (horizontal). The export line is below the import line since late last year. These two series plots on the right-hand scale and they depict growth rates (year-over-year). So sideways movements mean roughly steady growth. Exports have been growth steadily year-over-year at a weak pace that on occasion has been a decline in terms of their year-on-year value. Generally, the green line is in positive territory. The red import line has been stronger, indicating somewhat better, steadier import growth over the period.

    While exports had a good September, export growth sequenced from 12-months to 6-months, to 3-months has been weakening. Imports also put in a strong September but are showing some erosion from 12-month to 6-months to 3-months in terms of annualized rates of growth. Still, import growth rates remain quite strong and consistent; the sense of erosion is clear but also moderate – it’s a moderate erosion in progress for imports.

    Capital goods exports from Germany are improving- this observation is based on lagged data with a one-month lag built in. But consumer goods and vehicle exports are slowing and rather sharply- likely as a result of U.S. tariffs.

    Import side trends, with the same lag, are not as clear cut. Capital goods imports are growing, and motor vehicle imports are improving and accelerating. Consumer goods imports have erratically slowed.

    Real exports and imports on sequential lagged data show exports contracting on most horizons while imports generate consistent positive growth in real terms. There is a big difference in these two trends expressed in real terms.

    On balance, German trade trends are shifting. The trade balance is gradually eroding. Change is in play.

  • The European monetary union’s index of sentiment created by the European Commission rose sharply in October to its highest level since April 2023. There were improvements in the three of the five sector indexes reported with only construction and services unchanged in October relative to their September values.

    Despite the nice step-up in the indexes in October, they are still at relatively low values. Only two sectors, construction and retailing, have readings above their 50th percentiles with construction at a 77.5 percentile standing and retailing at a 51.5 percentile standing. The service sector has a low 27.5 percentile standing, consumer confidence is at a 24.3 percentile standing, and the industrial sector is at a 35.9 percentile. Data are ranked over observations back to 1990, where feasible.

    ‘Better’ is not always ‘good’ Clearly the euro area is not performing particularly well at this time. The rankings data make that especially clear. The service sector and the industrial sector are substantially below their historic medians. The median occurs at a queue (or rank) standing at the 50-percentile mark. Consumer confidence is in the lower 25-percentile of its range for this period; services are in their 27th percentile – a low ranking for such an important job creating sector.

    The largest have the best October showing The four largest economies in the euro area lead the way in the month and on the broader trip to mediocrity. Germany, France, and Italy each rise by one percentage point or more in October. More broadly, Italy and Spain are the only two ‘large economies’ with percentile standings above their respective 50th percentiles: Spain is at a 55.3 percentile standing, Italy at a 50.9 percentile standing. The largest two economies in the monetary union, Germany and France, respectively, have standings at the 19th percentile for Germany in the 33rd percentile for France.

    Granular performance of the Euro Area In October only one large economy backtracked compared to September and that's Spain; its hard decline of 0.9% came after its index rose by 2.9% in September. Among the remaining 14 economies, seven of them showed declines in October and seven of them showed increases. The pickup and performance for the monetary union in October is substantially on the back of the larger economies that are doing better while these smaller monetary union members are clearly mixed.

    Standings In terms of standings, the smaller monetary union economies show 5 of 14 with standings above their 50th percentile. These are Portugal at 51.5%, Cyprus at 56.2%, Lithuania at 64.4%, Greece at 71.1%, and Malta at a strong 89.1%.

    Summing up It is a good month statistically for the euro area. However, the gains are not widespread, and the sector performance is still mixed. But this is the strongest level for the EU sentiment index since April 2023, and that is something.

  • An upswing appears to be underway with both manufacturing and services readings improving. The S&P PMI data for October covered eight different reporters, five of which improved in October compared to September. September had been an extremely weak set of readings; out of the 24 different categories (eight countries with three readings each), there were only five that improved in September compared to August. August had been a strong month. The survey clearly is showing some volatility over these past few months; however, in October we're seeing a fairly broad-based increase, with only nine of the 24 detailed categories that assess the composite, manufacturing, and services showing weaker performance compared to September. And of those comparisons across eight countries, 19 sectors and composite indexes had been weaker month-to-month in September compared to August.

    Over three months the averaged composites are stronger compared to six-month average. Among all the reporters, only three of the 24 sectors and composite readings show weakness in three-months compared to six-months. Each of those weakening readings is for manufacturing. They involve weaker manufacturing in Japan, in Australia, and in the United States. Ten of 24 sectors and composite readings weaken over six months compared to 12-months. Only 7 detailed readings out of 24 weaken over 12 months compared to 12-months before based on comparing averages.

    Queue percentile standings take the October values and rank them in a queue of data back to January 2021 expressing the standing in October as a percentile in that queue of readings. The average percentile standing for the composite indexes in October is at 55.6%. The average manufacturing sector’s queue standing at 52.2% while the average services rating is at 54.1%. In October, all of the readings averaged across the 8 reporters are above their medians for the period back to January 2021 compared across monthly data. That's not an exceptionally strong performance, but it's a solid performance. Among the reporting countries, only Japan, the United Kingdom, and France have composite standings that are below their medians (that is, they have ranked standings for their respective composites below their 50th percentile).

    The average standing across the 8 reporters in October generally shows an improvement from September; September was weaker than August. With that, October values, while higher month-to-month, were lower than they were in August. For example, the overall composite in October moved up to 52.8 from 52.5 in September, but September had fallen from 53.9. Values in October are still below values in August. The same thing is true of services and manufacturing.

    The average sequential data for 3-months, 6-months and 12-months, however, show steady improvement with composite readings rising from 51.8 for 12-months to 51.9 over six months and to 52.6 over three months. These calculations are performed only on hard data and are up to date through September. The October monthly reading for the composite, for manufacturing and for services are stronger for each of these readings in October compared to three-month averaged values ended in September paving the way for continued improvement ahead.

    Overall, the sense of improvement here is slow. Compared to January 2021, the October readings are stronger for composite and for services but weaker for manufacturing; that sector is taking longer to recover. Still, recovery seems to be in gear; if that remains the case, central banks may have to rethink their programs of ongoing interest rate cuts.