Carol Stone, CBE

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041008b.jpg" width="353">
The current inflation picture differs widely among various countries, as is highlighted among the four that reported September CPI data just today. Two that have modest uptrends in consumer prices, the Czech Republic and Lithuania, are at the same time experiencing firming in their price movements compared with the last year or two. In contrast, countries where current inflation looks higher, Brazil and Slovakia, are actually seeing some slowing from the pace that prevailed in 2002 and 2003.
In two countries where we examined CPI components, it appears that administered prices might be at least partially responsible for the divergent behaviors. In the Czech Republic, alcohol and tobacco barely moved last year, but lurched ahead this year in April and May, so that item is now 4.0% above a year ago. In neighboring Slovakia, the opposite development has occurred; alcohol and tobacco jumped 16.0% during 2003, but this year is only running 1.8% above its year-earlier level. A strong rise in post and telecommunications in the Czech Republic is also lifting the present price trend. Education expenses in both countries have accelerated this year.
One pattern that is common to both of these Central European nations is cheaper clothing costs. In the Czech Republic, these prices are down 3.9% from a year ago, following a 4.6% drop during 2003. In Slovakia, clothing costs are up just 0.1% from September 2003, but are slower than last year&#39;s overall rise of 2.0%. Prices of home furnishings are falling outright in both countries.
In recent months, observers have tended to interpret inflation developments largely by what is occurring in world energy markets. While energy costs are certainly important in every country, our discussion here highlights the significant roles of other quite diverse factors, which ought not to be forgotten in assessing inflation prospects. 

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol">CPI, 12-Mo. % Changes</th>
<th scope="col">Sept 2004</th>
<th scope="col">Aug 2004</th>
<th scope="col">July 2004</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Czech Republic</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>0.6</td>
<td>4.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Slovakia</td>
<td>6.6</td>
<td>7.2</td>
<td>8.5</td>
<td>9.2</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>6.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Lithuania</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>2.3</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>-1.3</td>
<td>-1.0</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Brazil</td>
<td>6.7</td>
<td>7.2</td>
<td>6.8</td>
<td>9.3</td>
<td>12.5</td>
<td>7.7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Memo: US</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>2.4</td>
<td>1.6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
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The current inflation picture differs widely among various countries, as is highlighted among the four that reported September CPI data just today. Two that have modest uptrends in consumer prices, the Czech Republic and Lithuania, [...]

September CPI Trends Diverge Among Four Central Europe, Latin American Countries

Tom Moeller

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041008a.jpg" width="353">
Nonfarm payrolls grew 96,000 last month following a downwardly revised 128,000 August increase. Consensus expectations had been for a 150,000 job gain in September.
The four hurricanes which struck the US during August and September were estimated to not have had a significant effect on job growth. Jobs lost due to severe weather were offset by hiring for recovery efforts. 
The employment report from the Bureau of Labor Statistics indicated that &quot;At the national level, the severe weather appears to have held down employment growth, but not enough to change materially the Bureau&#39;s assessment of the employment situation in September.&quot; 
Factory sector payrolls fell by 18,000 (+0.1% y/y), the first monthly decline since June. A moderate 0.1% (-1.7% y/y) fall in nondurable industries hiring reflected sharp declines in textile mills (-6.4% y/y) and apparel (-5.7% y/y), offset by gains elsewhere. Hiring in durable goods industries was down broadly, 0.1% m/m, but up 1.2% y/y. Construction sector hiring grew a modest 4,000 (2.6% y/y).
Hiring in private service producing industries rose a modest 72,000 (1.6% y/y). Jobs in the financial sector rose another 28,000 m/m (1.1% y/y). Hiring in professional &amp; business services grew 34,000 (3.0% y/y) and temporary help services jobs grew 33,000 (9.6% y/y).
The index of aggregate hours worked (employment times hours worked) in September rose 0.1% (2.4% y/y) for the second consecutive month and in the third quarter grew 3.2% (AR) from 2Q.
Average hourly earnings rose 0.2% (2.4% y/y).
From the separate household survey, the unemployment rate held steady at 5.4%. Employment fell 201,000 (+1.3% y/y) but the labor force also fell by 221,000 (+0.6% y/y), the second consecutive down month, as the labor force participation rate slipped to 65.9%. The Labor Department indicated that &quot;In the household survey, people who miss work for weather-related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time off.&quot;<a name="content"> </a>

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/USECON/@EB/@EB01/@EB01.HTM"> Employment</a></th>
<th scope="col"> Sept</th>
<th scope="col">Aug</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col"> 2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Payroll Employment</td>
<td>96,000</td>
<td>128,000</td>
<td>1.3%</td>
<td>-0.3%</td>
<td>-1.1%</td>
<td>0.0%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Manufacturing</td>
<td>18,000</td>
<td>4,000</td>
<td>0.1%</td>
<td>-4.8%</td>
<td>-7.2%</td>
<td>-4.8%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Average Weekly Hours</td>
<td>33.8</td>
<td>33.8</td>
<td>33.6</td>
<td>33.7</td>
<td>33.8</td>
<td>34.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Average Hourly Earnings</td>
<td>0.2%</td>
<td>0.3%</td>
<td>2.4%</td>
<td>2.7%</td>
<td>2.9%</td>
<td>3.8%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Unemployment Rate</td>
<td>5.4%</td>
<td>5.4%</td>
<td>6.1%</td>
<td>6.0%</td>
<td>5.8%</td>
<td>4.8%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


</html>

Nonfarm payrolls grew 96,000 last month following a downwardly revised 128,000 August increase. Consensus expectations had been for a 150,000 job gain in September. The four hurricanes which struck the US during August and September [...]

U.S. Job Creation Disappointing in September, Hurricane Effects Small

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041007b.jpg" width="353">
Labor markets in Australia continue to look prosperous, based on data reported today for September. We last reported on them four months ago; employment in May had ticked down, but the unemployment rate was also at its lowest in 23 years. Over the winter in Australia, job growth resumed. The number employed gained 16,000 in July and 63,000 in September, with mild dips in intervening months. Employment is now 237,000 larger than its level in September 2003, a gain of 2.5%, the largest year-on-year percentage increase since May 2003. The unemployment rate stood at 5.6% in September and has hovered since May just above its low then of 5.5%.
In our prior commentary, published on June 10, we described an &quot;employment rate&quot;, that is, the percentage of the working-age population that is employed; this is a ratio we calculated using Haver&#39;s DLXVG3 software. In September it was 60.1%, up from 59.8% in August and from just barely under 60% in May. The September value is only the sixth in the 27-year history of the data which actually exceeds 60%. Similar rates are provided by government statistics bureaus in a number of other countries, and they look remarkably similar. Australia&#39;s 60% is something of a central value; it is almost exactly equal to a June reading in the UK of 59.9%, and it is higher than the recent 57.5% in Italy, but somewhat lower than 62.5% in the US and in Canada.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol">Australia Labor Force Survey</th>
<th scope="col">Sept 2004</th>
<th scope="col">Aug 2004</th>
<th scope="col">Jul 2004</th>
<th scope="col">Year Ago</th>
December/December
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">2003</td>
<td>2002</td>
<td>2001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Employment: Change, Thous</td>
<td>+63</td>
<td>-9</td>
<td>+16</td>
<td>+237</td>
<td>+153</td>
<td>+282</td>
<td>+81</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Yr/Yr % Change</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&quot;Employment Rate&quot;*, %</td>
<td>60.1</td>
<td>59.8</td>
<td>59.9</td>
<td>59.6</td>
<td>59.8**</td>
<td>59.4**</td>
<td>59.1**</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Unemployment Rate, %</td>
<td>5.6</td>
<td>5.7</td>
<td>5.7</td>
<td>5.9</td>
<td>6.0**</td>
<td>6.4**</td>
<td>6.8**</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Labor markets in Australia continue to look prosperous, based on data reported today for September. We last reported on them four months ago; employment in May had ticked down, but the unemployment rate was also at its lowest in 23 [...]

More Jobs in Australia; Unemployment Still Low

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041007a.jpg" width="353">
Initial claims for unemployment insurance fell 37,000 last week to 335,000 after a revised 21,000 jump the prior week. Consensus expectations had been for a more moderate decline to 355,000 claims.
Hurricane Jeanne made landfall on September 25th and initial claims in Florida remained high, but lower claims elsewhere offset this strength.
The 4-week moving average of initial claims rose to 348,500 (-11.6% y/y). During the last ten years there has been an 81% (negative) correlation between the monthly average of initial claims and the y/y change in payroll employment.
Continuing claims for unemployment insurance fell 1,000 following a decline the prior week that was revised deeper to 14,000.
The insured rate of unemployment remained at 2.3% where it has hovered since the end of April.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"> <a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/WEEKLY/@W5/@W507/@W507.HTM"> Unemployment Insurance (000s)</a></th>
<th scope="col">10/02/04</th>
<th scope="col"> 09/25/04</th>
<th scope="col">Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col"> 2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Initial Claims</td>
<td>335</td>
<td>372</td>
<td>-13.9%</td>
<td>402</td>
<td>404</td>
<td>406</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Continuing Claims</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>2,864</td>
<td>-19.9%</td>
<td>3,531</td>
<td>3,570</td>
<td>3,018</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Initial claims for unemployment insurance fell 37,000 last week to 335,000 after a revised 21,000 jump the prior week. Consensus expectations had been for a more moderate decline to 355,000 claims. Hurricane Jeanne made landfall on [...]

Initial Jobless Insurance Claims Fell Despite Hurricane Jeanne

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041006b.jpg" width="353">
Press reports this morning bemoan what they describe as a disappointing outturn for German factory orders in August. Total orders were indeed off 1.5% from July (seasonally adjusted in 2000 prices), with domestic demand down 1.0% and foreign orders down 2.1%. It was the second decline in three months.
Of 12 industries reported, eight experienced decreases, most notably in textiles, leather goods, machinery and electrical equipment. In contrast, chemicals, basic metals and transport equipment saw gains.
As we occasionally highlight with such items as factory orders, a monthly swing one way or another may serve less to show fundamental change than to illustrate the volatility of the information. Thus, a month ago in this space, we described quite respectable development of these orders, with those from foreign customers standing out. Clearly the August decline is not particularly welcome, especially in the face of continuing increases in energy costs, but at the same time, the wide monthly ups and downs in orders suggest that commentators who express alarm over a single report should probably be taken with caution. Note for evidence the sizable advances over year-ago volumes: total foreign orders are up 11.6% and total orders are higher by 10.3%. All but two industries, textiles and leather, share in this growth. 

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol">% Change</th>
Seasonally Adjusted
<th scope="col">Aug 2003</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Aug 2004</td>
<td>Jul 2004</td>
<td>Jun 2004</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Total</td>
<td>-1.5</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>-3.4</td>
<td>10.3</td>
<td>0.6</td>
<td>-0.3</td>
<td>-2.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Domestic</td>
<td>-1.0</td>
<td>0.9</td>
<td>-0.7</td>
<td>9.4</td>
<td>-0.1</td>
<td>-3.4</td>
<td>-3.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">Foreign</td>
<td>-2.1</td>
<td>4.9</td>
<td>-6.3</td>
<td>11.6</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>3.5</td>
<td>-2.0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Press reports this morning bemoan what they describe as a disappointing outturn for German factory orders in August. Total orders were indeed off 1.5% from July (seasonally adjusted in 2000 prices), with domestic demand down 1.0% and [...]

German Factory Orders Decline in August, but Hold Double-Digit Gains over Year-Ago Volume

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<img align="left" border="0" height="265" src="https://haver-commentaries.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/comments/041006a.jpg" width="353">
The index of mortgage applications compiled by the Mortgage Bankers Association was stable last week with the prior period, but started October 4.1% ahead of the September average.
Applications to refinance rose 2.7% w/w. They began October 11.0% ahead of September when refis rose 12.9% versus August. Purchase applications fell 2.2% and began the month down 1.2% from the September average.
During the last ten years there has been a 60% correlation between the y/y change in purchase applications and the change in new plus existing home sales.
The effective interest rate on a conventional 30-year mortgage rose to 6.05% versus 5.91% the prior week. The effective rate on a 15-year mortgage roe to 5.54%.
&quot;Interest Rates, Yield Curves and the Monetary Regime&quot; from the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland can be found <a href="http://www.clevelandfed.org/Research/Com2004/06-01.pdf"> here</a>.
The Mortgage Bankers Association surveys between 20 to 35 of the top lenders in the U.S. housing industry to derive its refinance, purchase and market indexes. The weekly survey accounts for more than 40% of all applications processed each week by mortgage lenders. Visit the Mortgage Bankers Association site <a href="http://www.mbaa.org"> here</a>.

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="firstcol"><a href="http://www.haverselect.com/dlx/SURVEYW/@S5/@S5.HTM"> MBA Mortgage Applications (3/16/90=100)</a></th>
<th scope="col">10/01/04</th>
<th scope="col">09/24/04</th>
<th scope="col"> Y/Y</th>
<th scope="col"> 2003</th>
<th scope="col">2002</th>
<th scope="col">2001</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">Total Market Index</td>
<td>724.8</td>
<td>724.7</td>
<td>-11.3%</td>
<td>1,067.9</td>
<td>799.7</td>
<td>625.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Purchase</td>
<td>459.0</td>
<td>469.1</td>
<td>4.1%</td>
<td>395.1</td>
<td>354.7</td>
<td>304.9</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td class="firstcol">&nbsp; Refinancing</td>
<td>2,270.8</td>
<td>2,211.1</td>
<td>-24.4%</td>
<td>4,981.8</td>
<td>3,388.0</td>
<td>2,491.0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

The index of mortgage applications compiled by the Mortgage Bankers Association was stable last week with the prior period, but started October 4.1% ahead of the September average. Applications to refinance rose 2.7% w/w. They began [...]

Mortgage Applications Flat

USD/EUR exchange rate uncoupling from interest rate differential

Widespread downgrading of 2025 GDP outlook

Trade and fiscal policy uncertainty has exploded with the new administration

Much lower US electricity costs gives it a competitive advantage

Wage growth slowing in the US and Euro area; elevated and sticky in the UK

Stagflation-lite: Blue Chip forecasts below-trend growth and elevated inflation

US policy gyrations boosting policy uncertainty worldwide

Expected tariff hikes have boosted inflation expectations

US and Japan ended 2024 on solid ground in contrast to Europe

US economy expected to outperform other major economies in 2025

Only modest evidence of AI-related surge in US productivity growth

Previous Trump tariffs fading. A boost from new tariffs ahead?

Heavy US manufacturing states underperforming while Sun Belt states outperforming

Rising long-term yields a global phenomenon

US financial market concerns shifting from growth to inflation

Economic activity is picking up in the US but remains lackluster abroad

Policy uncertainty has surged since the US national elections.

Recent turnaround in US economic surprises leading to increases in rate-cut expectations

The outlook has brightened in the US, while it has dimmed for other major economies

Headline US PCE inflation elevated by sticky services prices

US and global equity prices have recently diverged

US leading global upturn in economic surprises

Blue Chip forecasters look for further significant monetary easing apart from Japan

Recent rise in global supply chain pressures could augur a pickup in global inflation pressures

Underperforming German economy generating increased policy uncertainty relative to Europe and the US

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Nonfarm payrolls increased 177,000 (1.2% y/y) during April after rising 185,000 in March, revised from 228,000, and 102,000 in February, revised from 117,000. Expectations had been for a 130,000 rise in the Action Economics Forecast Survey. The latest figure left the three-month average change at 155,000 in April, down from 232,000 in January.

Average hourly earnings rose 0.2% during April after unrevised increases of 0.3% in March and 0.2% in February. Earnings growth of 3.8% y/y was below the 5.9% high in March 2022.

The unemployment rate, measured in the household survey, held m/m at an expected 4.2% in April, and compared to 4.1% in February and 4.0% in January. It reached a low of 3.4% in April 2023. The unemployment rate, including employees working part-time for economic reasons plus all marginally-attached workers, eased to 7.8% in April from 7.9% in March.

In the **establishment survey**, private-sector employment rose 167,000 (1.2% y/y) after a 170,000 March increase. Factory sector jobs edged 1,000 lower (-0.7% y/y) following a 3,000 gain. Construction sector employment increased 11,000 (1.7% y/y), after rising 7,000 in March.

Private service-producing sector employment increased 156,000 (1.4% y/y) in April after improving 161,000 in March. Increases varied greatly amongst service sector categories. Private education & health sector employment rose 70,000 (3.4% y/y) last month following a 74,000 March increase. Leisure & hospitality employment rose 24,000 (1.3% y/y) after a 38,000 gain. Trade, transportation & utilities rose 32,000 (0.9% y/y) in April following a 25,000 March increase. Professional & business services employment rose 17,000 (-0.1% y/y) following a 3,000 rise while temporary help employment rose 3,600 (-3.9% y/y) following a 2,700 decline. Financial activities employment improved 14,000 (1.2% y/y) after a 6,000 gain. The number of information sector jobs held steady (-0.4% y/y) last month after falling 2,000 in March.

Government sector payrolls rose 10,000 (1.3% y/y) last month after increasing 15,000 in March. The number of local government jobs increased 13,000 (1.4% y/y) following a 17,000 gain. State government employment rose 6,000 (1.8% y/y) following a 2,000 March increase but federal government payrolls fell 9,000 (-0.3% y/y), the third consecutive monthly decline.

Private-sector average hourly earnings rose 0.2% (3.8% y/y) in April after increasing 0.3% in March. Earnings in the goods-producing sector eased 0.1% (+4.0% y/y) following a 0.6% gain. Earnings in construction rose 0.3% (3.6% y/y), after a 0.2% rise but factory sector earnings declined 0.3% (+4.3% y/y) after surging 0.8% in March. In the private services-sector, earnings rose 0.2% (3.7% y/y) in April for the third straight month. Information sector pay increased 1.0% (5.2% y/y) last month after easing 0.1%, and financial activities earnings rose 0.5% (4.3% y/y) for the second straight month. Trade, transportation & utilities sector pay increased 0.4% (3.4% y/y) after 0.6%. Professional & business sector earnings increased 0.1% (4.4% y/y) after 0.2% in March. Leisure & hospitality earnings held steady (+3.8% y/y) following a 0.6% March increase.

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The length of the average workweek held steady at 34.3 hours in April. The workweek in the goods-producing sector eased to 39.8 hours from 40.0 hours. The construction sector average workweek eased to 39.0 hours from 39.3 hours while the factory sector workweek moved lower to 40.0 hours from 40.2. The average workweek in the private service sector held at 33.2 hours. Professional & business service hours fell to 36.3 hours from 36.4 while trade, transportation & utilities hours improved to 34.3 from 34.0 hours. Private education hours rose slightly to 32.8, but leisure & hospitality held steady at 25.5 hours.

In the **household survey**, the unemployment rate held at 4.2% in April as employment rose 436,000 and the size of the labor force increased 518,000. The labor force participation rate edged up to 62.6% last month from 62.5% in March. It remained below the high of 63.3% early in 2020. The rate for teenagers declined to 36.9%. For workers aged 20-24, the rate held steady at 72.1%, up from 71.8% six months earlier. For workers aged 25-54 the rate rose to 83.6%, a five-month high. For individuals 55 and over, the rate improved to 38.4% in April.

The employment/population ratio for all workers in April rose to 60.0%. It remained below the peak reading of 61.1% in February, 2020 just prior to the pandemic.

The employment and earnings data are collected from surveys taken each month during the week containing the 12th day of the month. The labor market data are contained in Haver's **USECON** database. Detailed figures are in the **EMPL** and **LABOR** databases. The expectations figures are in the **AS1REPNA** database.

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- Job growth spreads across most sectors.
- Earnings growth trend decelerates.
- Jobless rate holds steady.

U.S. Job Growth Is Firm in April but March Gain Is Lessened

Winnie Tapasanun

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Total factory orders rose a slightly less-than-expected 4.3% m/m in March after rises of 0.5% in February and 1.8% in January, data from the U.S. Census Bureau showed. A 4.5% m/m March increase had been expected in the Action Economics Forecast Survey. The March reading was the third successive monthly rise and the largest since July 2024. The year-on-year rate accelerated to 6.0% in March, the highest since November 2022, from 2.3% in February. Notably, orders for nondefense aircraft & parts soared 139.0% in March following a 7.4% drop in February and a 92.9% surge in January. Factory orders excluding defense rose 4.8% (5.9% y/y), the largest of three straight m/m/ rises, after a 0.4% February increase. Factory orders excluding the transportation sector fell 0.2% (+1.1% y/y), the first m/m fall since August, after rising 0.3% in February, January and December.

Durable goods orders jumped 9.2% (11.9% y/y) in March, the third consecutive m/m gain and the biggest since July 2024, on top of a 0.8% increase in February (matching +9.2% m/m in the advance report on April 24). The March jump reflected m/m orders increases of 27.1% (the largest m/m surge since July 2024; 31.2% y/y) in transportation equipment, 1.1% (4.9% y/y) in primary metals, 0.5% (-0.4% y/y) in furniture & related products, 0.1% (2.5% y/y) in fabricated metal products, and 0.1% (0.9% y/y) in machinery. To the downside, durable goods orders for computers & electronic products (-1.3%; +2.7% y/y) and electrical equipment, appliances & components (-1.0%; +4.2% y/y) declined m/m in March.

Nondurable goods orders, which equal nondurable goods shipments, fell 0.3% (+0.4% y/y) in March, the first m/m fall since September, after a 0.1% uptick in February. The March fall reflected m/m drops of 2.4% (-9.3% y/y) in petroleum & coal products and 0.9% (-1.2% y/y) in apparel. To the upside, the following nondurable goods shipments rose m/m in March: leather & allied products (1.5%; 8.6% y/y), beverage & tobacco products (0.7%; 5.8% y/y), paper products (0.6%; 2.3% y/y), printing (0.3%; 3.8% y/y), textile mills (0.3%; 0.8% y/y), chemical products (0.2%; 5.4% y/y), plastics & rubber products (0.2%; 0.4% y/y), food products (0.1%; 1.8% y/y), and textile products (0.1%; 2.1% y/y).

Total shipments slipped 0.1% (+2.0% y/y) in March, the first m/m easing since October, after a 0.7% increase in February. Excluding transportation, shipments were virtually unchanged m/m (+1.1% y/y) in March following six straight m/m gains. Shipments of durable goods industries inched up 0.1% (3.8% y/y) in March, the smallest of four consecutive m/m increases, after a 1.3% advance in February. This reflected m/m durable goods shipments rises of 1.2% (5.6% y/y) in primary metals, 0.9% (0.1% y/y) in furniture & related products, 0.8% (-0.2% y/y) in nonmetallic mineral products, 0.4% (0.0% y/y) in machinery, 0.3% (1.8% y/y) in fabricated metal products, 0.2% (4.5% y/y) in computers & electronic products, 0.2% (-2.1% y/y) in wood products, and 0.1% (3.0% y/y) in electrical equipment, appliances & components. In contrast, durable goods shipments for transportation equipment (-0.5%; +7.3% y/y) and miscellaneous durable goods (-0.1%; +2.9% y/y) fell m/m in March following three successive m/m increases.

Unfilled orders rose 2.0% (2.3% y/y) in March, up for the eighth month in nine, after a 0.1% uptick in February. Excluding transportation, unfilled orders dipped 0.1% (+0.7% y/y) in March, the first m/m easing since May 2024, after holding steady in February. Backlogs of durable goods rose 2.0% (2.3% y/y) in March, reflecting m/m rises of 3.1% (3.1% y/y) in transportation equipment and 0.2% (2.4% y/y) in electrical equipment, appliances & components.

Inventories edged up 0.1% (0.9% y/y) in March, the fifth straight m/m increase, after rising at the same pace in the prior two months. Excluding transportation, inventories were up 0.1% (0.5% y/y) in March, the fifth consecutive m/m rise. Durable goods inventories ticked up 0.1% (1.0% y/y) in March after holding steady in February and January; nondurable goods inventories edged up 0.1% (0.8% y/y), the fifth successive m/m increase.

The factory sector data are available in Haver’s **USECON** database. The Action Economics Forecast Survey is in the **AS1REPNA** database.

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- March manufacturers’ new orders +4.3% m/m; +6.0% y/y, highest since Nov. ’22.
- Durable goods orders (+9.2%) jump m/m, while nondurable goods orders (-0.3%) and shipments (-0.1%) decline m/m.
- Transportation equipt. orders +27.1% m/m, w/ a 139.0% m/m surge in nondefense aircraft & parts orders.
- Unfilled orders +2.0%, the eighth m/m rise in nine months.
- Inventories +0.1%, the fifth consecutive m/m increase.

U.S. Factory Orders Increase for the Third Straight Month in March

Robert Brusca

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The global manufacturing data showed broad weakening in April as conditions weakened across more than half of the contributing early reporters in the S&P survey of manufacturing. Of the 18 early reporting countries, more than half of them showed deceleration over six months and 12 months. Over three months, only 8 of 18 showed deterioration and that's about as good as it got in this report. In the current month, month-to-month changes showed more than half of the survey contributors showing weaker results than the month before. In the S&P framework, manufacturing improved month-to-month for the U.S.; however, looking at sequential averages for the U.S., U.K., European monetary union, Canada, and Japan, we see a steady weakening and results over 12 months, over six months versus 12 months, and for three months versus 6 months. The highly developed countries are not doing particularly well.

Asian economies are also showing slight deterioration but doing a little better than the developed countries in general.

Only five of the 18 reporting countries have queue percentile standings in their data back to January 2021 that are above their medians. Readings at or above the 50% mark are at or above the median standing. Canada is showing the weakest manufacturing result on record over this span, in terms of its queue percentile standing which is at 0 in the current month.

I showed the graphic for the Baltic dry goods index in this report rather than statistics on the manufacturing PMI data because the Baltic data, which reflect shipping volume for dry goods - that is excluding things like oil - is weak but it's only in the neighborhood where it's been for some time. There has been a great deal of talk about how tariffs may have impacted trade flows, expected trade flows, shipping, shipping rates, and the like. However, according to the Baltic dry goods index, there isn't much evidence that this is occurring right now and affecting the current data. That may still lie ahead but for now it's not baked in the cake.

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Globally Manufacturing Weakens

Andrew Cates

**China-US shipping activity** 
The economic fallout from escalating US-China trade tensions is becoming increasingly visible in the data. A clear example is the chart below, which highlights a sharp drop in vessel arrivals at the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, along with a notable decline in ships waiting offshore. These trends point to a tangible weakening in bilateral trade flows, as the effects of tit-for-tat tariffs imposed by both countries begin to bite. Given the outsized role the US and China play in global commerce, this slowdown is likely to reverberate through global supply chains, weighing on trade volumes, dampening demand, and curbing economic growth worldwide.

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**GDP growth in Q1**
Data this week showed that the US economy contracted, albeit modestly, in Q1 even as the euro area recorded a modest expansion—an unusual divergence. The contraction in US GDP can be largely attributed to a sharp increase in imports, as firms rushed to front-load purchases ahead of anticipated tariff hikes. In addition, domestic demand was subdued, with weaker contributions from both consumer spending and government consumption. This decoupling between the US and euro area economies is particularly striking given the current global focus on the US dollar. While the euro area has shown unexpected signs of resilience, the US downturn raises important questions about its underlying momentum, especially as trade dynamics and policy uncertainty continue to cloud the outlook.

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**The US dollar versus yield differentials**
Chart 3 below illustrates a sharp breakdown in the correlation between the US-Germany 10-year yield differential and the EUR/USD exchange rate. Historically, the dollar has moved closely with interest rate spreads, as yield-seeking capital flowed into US assets. But since early 2025—and more acutely following the April tariff actions—the dollar has weakened markedly even as the yield spread has narrowed only modestly. This decoupling underscores a critical shift: capital markets are reacting not just to monetary policy, but to rising trade and geopolitical uncertainty. In other words, the exchange rate is now being driven as much by risk sentiment as by interest rate arbitrage.

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**The US economy’s structural outperformance and the dollar**
A second dynamic, captured in the next chart, reveals a tight correlation between the US real effective exchange rate and the potential GDP growth differential between the US and euro area over the past 50-60 years. This raises the question: has dollar strength (until recently) merely been a reflection of US growth leadership—or are capital inflows themselves helping to sustain this growth outperformance? In effect, the tail may be wagging the dog. Global investors have long allocated capital to the US, attracted by its macroeconomic resilience, technological leadership, and deep, liquid financial markets. The danger now is that the US trade war may disrupt this equilibrium. A sharp or sustained reduction in capital inflows could undermine growth, weaken the dollar, and trigger broader financial instability. Moreover, reversing this dynamic is not straightforward—barring a credible structural resurgence in European (or Asian) growth, the global investment landscape remains tilted toward the US.

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**US competitiveness versus Europe, China and Japan** 
The next chart below examines relative unit labour costs across major economies since 2011. The US and China have seen a broadly similar trajectory, with steady increases in relative cost structures, while the euro area has remained flat and Japan has seen dramatic improvement. This suggests that, from a cost competitiveness standpoint, the US is not uniquely disadvantaged vis-à-vis China. However, as we discuss further below, this parallel erosion of cost competitiveness is occurring at much higher nominal wage levels in the US, which blunts its ability to regain export share through tariff-related shifts alone. The trade war strategy—absent a corresponding improvement in productivity or structural reforms—risks imposing costs without delivering material competitiveness gains.

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**Average wages in selected developed and developing economies**
This point is reinforced by the final chart, which shows estimates for average monthly wages across countries in 2024. US labour remains much more expensive than in peer or emerging economies. So even if China’s costs rise in tandem with the US, the global supply chain has ample alternatives. 'China plus one' strategies are accelerating, and the US remains structurally misaligned with low-cost production hubs. Tariffs aimed at reshoring supply chains are unlikely to deliver sustained gains unless accompanied by deep supply-side reforms, and risk further disincentivizing foreign direct investment if global firms perceive US trade policy as erratic or punitive.

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Financial markets found a measure of calm this week, buoyed by some subtle shifts in tone from US policymakers. A softening in the administration’s rhetoric around trade tariffs coupled with a less confrontational stance toward Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell, helped ease tensions that had roiled markets earlier in the month. Equities rebounded modestly, and volatility indicators edged lower, reflecting cautious optimism that the worst of the policy shocks may be behind us. But beneath the surface, significant downside risks persist. New shipping data point to a pronounced slowdown in US-China trade flows (chart 1), suggesting the damage from recent tariff escalations is already rippling through global supply chains. Meanwhile, incoming data for the US revealed an unexpected contraction in the economy in Q1 and further signs of weakness in the labour market (chart 2). The US dollar, in the meantime, while long supported by superior growth and yield differentials, has begun to decouple from traditional drivers (charts 3 and 4) suggesting growing pressure on capital flows. At the same time, structural imbalances are drawing renewed scrutiny: unit labour cost comparisons show the US steadily losing competitiveness (chart 5), while nominal wage disparities remain stark versus China and other Asian economies, further complicating any effort to restore trade balance without broader reforms (chart 6). In short, while markets may be drawing temporary comfort from a pause in tariff brinkmanship, the deeper economic and financial vulnerabilities exposed this month remain unresolved—and increasingly central to the global macro narrative.

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Charts of the Week: Tariff Truce, Tenuous Trust

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U.S. light vehicle sales dropped 2.9% (+6.5% y/y) to 17.31 million units (SAAR) in April after surging 10.8% to 17.82 million units in March. The retreat in April vehicle sales accompanied a 1.7% y/y rise in real disposable income through March, which compared to 2.0% growth last year.

Sales declines were broad-based last month. Light truck sales fell 1.3% (+9.9% y/y) during April to 14.34 million units (SAAR), after rising 12.4% in March. Purchases of domestically-made light trucks declined 1.2% (+11.9% y/y) to 11.02 million units, after jumping 12.5% in March. Sales of imported light trucks fell 1.8% (+4.4% y/y) to 3.32 million units, following an 11.6% March surge.

Trucks’ record 82.8% share of the light vehicle market last month compared to 81.5% in March and 80.3% in April of last year. The share averaged 80.3% during all of 2024 versus 53.3% ten years earlier.

Auto sales also declined last month, down 9.5% (-7.5%) to 2.97 million units (SAAR) following a 3.5% March rise. The decline reversed all of the increase over the prior two months. Purchases of domestically-produced cars fell 9.8% (-4.3% y/y) last month to 2.22 million units, after rising 3.8% in March. Sales of imported autos declined 9.6% (-15.7% y/y) to 0.75 million units, following a 2.5% March increase.

Imports' 23.5% share of the U.S. light vehicle market was little changed from 23.6% in March and compared to a May 2023 low of 22.9% and a high of 26.3% in November of 2023. Imports' share of the passenger car market held steady at 25.3% last month and compared to 27.7% in April of last year. It reached a high of 38.7% in September 2021. Imports' share of the light truck market eased to 23.2% last month after falling to 23.3% in March.

U.S. vehicle sales figures can be found in Haver's **USECON** database. Additional detail by manufacturer is in the I**NDUSTRY** database.

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- Light truck sales pull back, while auto sales tumble.
- Both domestic and imported sales decline.
- Imports' market share slips further.

Economy in Brief: October 2004

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September CPI Trends Diverge Among Four Central Europe, Latin American Countries

U.S. Job Creation Disappointing in September, Hurricane Effects Small

U.S. Job Creation Disappointing in September, Hurricane Effects Small

More Jobs in Australia; Unemployment Still Low

Initial Jobless Insurance Claims Fell Despite Hurricane Jeanne

Initial Jobless Insurance Claims Fell Despite Hurricane Jeanne

German Factory Orders Decline in August, but Hold Double-Digit Gains over Year-Ago Volume

Mortgage Applications Flat