Tom Moeller

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&bull; Current production, new orders growth and employment ease.
&bull; Pricing power remains strong.

The Texas Manufacturing Outlook Survey, conducted by the
Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, indicated that its General Business Activity
Index fell to 34.9 in May from 37.3 in April. A strengthened 47.8% of
respondents reported improved business activity, up from 29.0% three months
earlier. A higher 12.9% of respondents reported that conditions had worsened
versus 11.8% three months ago. The survey was conducted from May 18-26 amongst
103 employers.

The growth rate of the new orders reading weakened to 19.5
from April's record of 32.3. (The series dates back to June 2004.) A near-record
44.5% of respondents reported faster new orders growth, up from 22.1% twelve
months earlier. The employment index fell to 22.7 from 31.3 as a lessened 29.0%
of firms reported more hiring. Wages &amp; benefits increased to a record 39.0.
The production index reading to 15.7, the lowest point since January. The
shipments measure fell to a three-month low as did unfilled orders.

The finished goods prices measure eased to 38.4 from the
record 39.1. The May decrease reflected 43.0% of respondents reporting higher
prices while 4.6% reported price declines. The index of prices paid for raw
materials surged to a record 79.9, up from 2.9 twelve months earlier.

The headline reading of expectations for overall business
activity in six months eased to 31.4 after rising to 36.6 in April. The expected
employment measure backed away slightly from April's record high, while expected
hours-worked fell. Expectations for production were strong and little changed
versus April but expectations for new orders growth fell. Expected wages
strengthened to a near-record high.

Each index is calculated by subtracting the percentage
reporting a decrease from the percentage reporting an increase. When all firms
report rising activity, an index will register 100. An index will register -100
when all firms report a decrease. An index will be zero when the number of firms
reporting an increase or a decrease is equal. Data for the Texas Manufacturing
Outlook can be found in Haver's SURVEYS database.

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<table class="centered" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0">
	<colgroup><col><col><col><col><col><col><col><col></colgroup>

 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="firstcol" scope="col" >Texas Manufacturing Outlook
 Survey (SA, % Balance)</th>
 <th>May</th>
 <th>Apr</th>
 <th>Mar</th>
 <th>May '20</th>
 <th>2020</th>
 <th>2019</th>
 <th>2018</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="firstcol" >Current General Business Activity Index</td>
 <td>34.9</td>
 <td>37.3</td>
 <td>28.9</td>
 <td>-47.6</td>
 <td>-10.6</td>
 <td>-1.2</td>
 <td>25.8</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;&nbsp; Production</td>
 <td>15.7</td>
 <td>34.0</td>
 <td>48.0</td>
 <td>-26.9</td>
 <td>3.7</td>
 <td>8.9</td>
 <td>21.4</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;&nbsp; Growth Rate of New Orders</td>
 <td>19.5</td>
 <td>32.3</td>
 <td>22.7</td>
 <td>-29.9</td>
 <td>-5.3</td>
 <td>-1.1</td>
 <td>14.8</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;&nbsp; Employment</td>
 <td>22.7</td>
 <td>31.3</td>
 <td>18.8</td>
 <td>-10.3</td>
 <td>1.6</td>
 <td>9.5</td>
 <td>20.0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;&nbsp; Wages &amp; Benefits</td>
 <td>39.0</td>
 <td>37.1</td>
 <td>28.0</td>
 <td>0.2</td>
 <td>11.5</td>
 <td>23.5</td>
 <td>29.7</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;&nbsp; Prices Received for
 Finished Goods</td>
 <td>38.4</td>
 <td>39.1</td>
 <td>32.2</td>
 <td>-18.8</td>
 <td>-1.7</td>
 <td>2.5</td>
 <td>17.6</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="firstcol" >General Business Activity Index Expected
 in Six Months</td>
 <td>31.4</td>
 <td>36.6</td>
 <td>33.7</td>
 <td>-17.9</td>
 <td>6.6</td>
 <td>6.4</td>
 <td>31.6</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;&nbsp; Production</td>
 <td>47.6</td>
 <td>47.2</td>
 <td>38.3</td>
 <td>29.8</td>
 <td>31.3</td>
 <td>35.6</td>
 <td>48.6</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;&nbsp; Growth Rate of New Orders</td>
 <td>34.4</td>
 <td>43.2</td>
 <td>34.0</td>
 <td>14.0</td>
 <td>23.9</td>
 <td>25.2</td>
 <td>35.8</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;&nbsp; Employment</td>
 <td>47.6</td>
 <td>48.2</td>
 <td>38.4</td>
 <td>-2.6</td>
 <td>15.5</td>
 <td>26.0</td>
 <td>37.7</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;&nbsp; Wages &amp; Benefits</td>
 <td>56.4</td>
 <td>49.9</td>
 <td>42.4</td>
 <td>13.2</td>
 <td>26.7</td>
 <td>39.7</td>
 <td>50.4</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 
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• Current production, new orders growth and employment ease. • Pricing power remains strong. The Texas Manufacturing Outlook Survey, conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, indicated that its General Business Activity Index [...]

Texas Manufacturing Activity & Expectations Weaken in May

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&bull; Residential building remains strong.
&bull; Private nonresidential &amp; public sector building drop again.

The value of construction put-in-place improved 0.2% (9.8%
y/y) during April following a 1.0% March rise, revised from 0.2%. A 0.6% April
increase had been expected in the Action Economics Forecast Survey.

Private construction rose 0.4% (13.9% y/y) in April after a
1.5% gain. Residential construction gained 1.0% (29.7% y/y) as single-family
building rose 1.3% (39.6% y/y) after a 2.3% increase. Multi-family building
surged 1.9% (27.1% y/y) after gaining 1.1%. Home improvement expenditures
improved 0.3% (16.7% y/y) after strengthening 3.6% in March.

Nonresidential construction declined 0.5% in April (-4.8%
y/y) after easing 0.1% in March. Transportation building weakened 5.4% (-3.4%
y/). Lodging construction held fairly steady (-21.8% y/y) but education
construction declined 0.9% (-7.7% y/y). Commercial building improved 0.4% (-1.3%
y/y) while office building rose 0.2% (-1.6% y/y).

The value of public construction fell 0.6% during April (-2.2%
y/y). It was the fourth consecutive monthly decline. Spending on highways &amp;
streets, which makes up nearly one-third of public spending, improved 0.6% (-2.7%
y/y) but outlays on health care units improved 0.5% (9.9% y/y). Power
construction rose 3.2% (5.7% y/y).

The construction spending figures, some of which date back to
1946 can be found in Haver's USECON database. The expectations reading is
in the AS1REPNA database.

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<table class="centered" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0">
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 <th class="firstcol" scope="col" >Construction Put in Place
 (SA, %)</th>
 <th>Apr</th>
 <th>Mar</th>
 <th>Feb</th>
 <th>Apr Y/Y</th>
 <th>2020</th>
 <th>2019</th>
 <th>2018</th>
 </tr>
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 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="firstcol" >Total</td>
 <td>0.2</td>
 <td>1.0</td>
 <td>-0.8</td>
 <td>9.8</td>
 <td>4.7</td>
 <td>2.3</td>
 <td>4.1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp; Private</td>
 <td>0.4</td>
 <td>1.5</td>
 <td>-0.6</td>
 <td>13.9</td>
 <td>4.6</td>
 <td>0.6</td>
 <td>4.0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Residential</td>
 <td>1.0</td>
 <td>2.6</td>
 <td>-1.2</td>
 <td>29.7</td>
 <td>11.3</td>
 <td>-2.5</td>
 <td>3.5</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nonresidential</td>
 <td>-0.5</td>
 <td>-0.1</td>
 <td>0.5</td>
 <td>-4.8</td>
 <td>-2.9</td>
 <td>4.4</td>
 <td>4.7</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp; Public</td>
 <td>-0.6</td>
 <td>-1.0</td>
 <td>-1.6</td>
 <td>-2.2</td>
 <td>5.2</td>
 <td>8.0</td>
 <td>4.4</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 
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• Residential building remains strong. • Private nonresidential & public sector building drop again. The value of construction put-in-place improved 0.2% (9.8% y/y) during April following a 1.0% March rise, revised from 0.2%. A 0.6% [...]

U.S. Construction Spending Improves Slightly in April

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&bull; Factory activity expands for 12th consecutive month.
&bull; Component movement is mixed.
&bull; Pricing power remains strong.

The Institute for Supply Management (ISM) reported that its
Composite Index of Manufacturing Sector Activity increased to 61.2 during May
following a sharp April decline to 60.7. A reading of 60.5 had been expected in
the Action Economics Forecast Survey. During the last 15 years, there has been a
42% correlation between the composite index and the quarterly change in real
GDP. Before the recession began, there had been a 67% correlation.

A higher new orders reading led last month's improvement with
a rise to 67.0 after falling to 64.3 in April. The figure has moved erratically
sideways for nine months. The supplier deliveries reading rose to 78.8 from
75.0. It indicated the slowest product delivery speeds since April 1974. The
inventories index rose to 50.8 and reversed its April decline. Working lower was
the production index to 58.5 from 62.5. It was the lowest level since June of
last year as supply bottlenecks intensified.

The employment index fell to 50.9 during May from 55.1
in April and brought the reading to the lowest level in six months. A lessened
20.8% (NSA) of respondents reported more hiring, down from 21.2% in April, while
a greatly increased 18.0% reported fewer jobs, up from 10.9% in April.

The prices index eased to 88.0 from 89.6 in April, but it
remained near the highest point since July 2008. A slightly lessened 77.1% of
respondents reported higher prices while just 1.2% reported them lower.

Amongst other ISM series not included in the composite, the
order backlog figure rose to 70.6 (NSA), up from 38.2 twelve months earlier. It
was a record high for this measure which dates back to January 1993. The new
export measure rose slightly to 55.4 from 54.9. The figure was down from a
November high of 57.8.

The ISM figures are based on responses from over 400
manufacturing purchasing executives from 20 industries, which correspond to
their contribution to GDP in 50 states. These data are diffusion indexes where a
reading above 50 indicates expansion. The figures from the Institute for Supply
Management can be found in Haver's USECON database; further detail is
found in the SURVEYS database. The expectations number is available in
Haver's AS1REPNA database.

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<table class="centered" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0">
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 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="firstcol" scope="col" >ISM Mfg (SA)</th>
 <th>May</th>
 <th>Apr</th>
 <th>Mar</th>
 <th>May'20</th>
 <th>2020</th>
 <th>2019</th>
 <th>2018</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="firstcol" >Composite Index</td>
 <td>61.2</td>
 <td>60.7</td>
 <td>64.7</td>
 <td>43.1</td>
 <td>52.5</td>
 <td>51.2</td>
 <td>58.9</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;New Orders</td>
 <td>67.0</td>
 <td>64.3</td>
 <td>68.0</td>
 <td>31.9</td>
 <td>54.0</td>
 <td>51.2</td>
 <td>61.6</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;Production</td>
 <td>58.5</td>
 <td>62.5</td>
 <td>68.1</td>
 <td>32.8</td>
 <td>53.8</td>
 <td>51.3</td>
 <td>60.9</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;Employment</td>
 <td>50.9</td>
 <td>55.1</td>
 <td>59.6</td>
 <td>32.8</td>
 <td>44.3</td>
 <td>50.9</td>
 <td>56.9</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;Supplier Deliveries</td>
 <td>78.8</td>
 <td>75.0</td>
 <td>76.6</td>
 <td>68.1</td>
 <td>61.6</td>
 <td>52.9</td>
 <td>62.0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="firstcol" >&nbsp;Inventories</td>
 <td>50.8</td>
 <td>46.5</td>
 <td>50.8</td>
 <td>50.1</td>
 <td>48.8</td>
 <td>49.9</td>
 <td>52.9</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="odd">
 <td class="firstcol" >Prices Paid Index (NSA)</td>
 <td>88.0</td>
 <td>89.6</td>
 <td>85.6</td>
 <td>40.8</td>
 <td>54.0</td>
 <td>49.1</td>
 <td>71.7</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 
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• Factory activity expands for 12th consecutive month. • Component movement is mixed. • Pricing power remains strong. The Institute for Supply Management (ISM) reported that its Composite Index of Manufacturing Sector Activity [...]

ISM Manufacturing Index Continues to Indicate Growth in May

USD/EUR exchange rate uncoupling from interest rate differential

Widespread downgrading of 2025 GDP outlook

Trade and fiscal policy uncertainty has exploded with the new administration

Much lower US electricity costs gives it a competitive advantage

Wage growth slowing in the US and Euro area; elevated and sticky in the UK

Stagflation-lite: Blue Chip forecasts below-trend growth and elevated inflation

US policy gyrations boosting policy uncertainty worldwide

Expected tariff hikes have boosted inflation expectations

US and Japan ended 2024 on solid ground in contrast to Europe

US economy expected to outperform other major economies in 2025

Only modest evidence of AI-related surge in US productivity growth

Previous Trump tariffs fading. A boost from new tariffs ahead?

Heavy US manufacturing states underperforming while Sun Belt states outperforming

Rising long-term yields a global phenomenon

US financial market concerns shifting from growth to inflation

Economic activity is picking up in the US but remains lackluster abroad

Policy uncertainty has surged since the US national elections.

Recent turnaround in US economic surprises leading to increases in rate-cut expectations

The outlook has brightened in the US, while it has dimmed for other major economies

Headline US PCE inflation elevated by sticky services prices

US and global equity prices have recently diverged

US leading global upturn in economic surprises

Blue Chip forecasters look for further significant monetary easing apart from Japan

Recent rise in global supply chain pressures could augur a pickup in global inflation pressures

Underperforming German economy generating increased policy uncertainty relative to Europe and the US

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The U.S. trade deficit in goods and services (BOP basis) in March grew to $140.5 billion after narrowing slightly to $123.2 billion in February, revised from $122.7 billion, after widening to $130.7 billion in January according to the U.S. Census Bureau. A $136.7 billion deficit was expected by the Action Economics Forecast Survey. Exports rose 0.2% (6.7% y/y) in March after increasing 2.8% in February. This was accompanied by a 4.4% rise (27.1% y/y) rise in imports which came after m/m stability in February. In Q1’25, the deficit grew to an average $131.4 billion, after rising to an average $83.3 billion in Q4’24.

The trade deficit in goods (BOP basis) widened to a record $163.2 billion in March from $147.9	 billion in February, revised from $147.0 billion. Goods exports (customs value) rose 1.4% (7.0% y/y) in March, after increasing 3.6% in February. The latest increase reflected an 8.2% (8.4% y/y) surge in auto exports which came after a 12.7% strengthening. A 3.5% (4.0% y/y) gain occurred in industrial supplies & materials exports which followed a 5.1% rise. Foods, feeds & beverage exports rose 6.6% (1.4% y/y) after declining in four of the prior five month. Working lower, capital goods exports fell 2.5% (+13.9% y/y) in March after a 4.	8% increase and nonauto consumer goods exports were off 1.1% (+3.4% y/y) in March after a 2.4% gain.

Imports of goods increased 5.5% (31.4% y/y) in March after a 0.2% February easing. Imports of nonauto consumer goods imports surged 27.9% (56.0% y/y) following a 3.1% February gain. Auto imports rose 6.6% (8.7% y/y) after a 1.2% rise. Capital goods imports rose 4.2% (22.5% y/y) following a 1.1% rise. Foods, feeds & beverage imports eased 0.4% (+11.1% y/y) following a 2.0% weakening. Industrial supplies & materials imports declined 12.4% (+39.5% y/y) after weakening 4.6% in February. Petroleum imports by end-use fell 4.1% (-10.2% y/y) after a 2.9% decline. Nonpetroleum imports increased 6.0% (34.8% y/y) after holding steady in February.

The inflation-adjusted goods trade deficit (customs value) deepened to $150.9 billion in March from $136.9 billion in February. Real exports rose 1.6% (5.3% y/y) after a 3.0% February increase, while real imports rose 5.8% (29.8% y/y) in March following a 0.5% February slip.

The services trade surplus narrowed to $23.0 billion in March after decreasing to $23.8 billion in February. It reached a peak of $25.7 billion in November of last year. Service exports fell 0.9% (+5.7% y/y) after a 0.8% decline in February. Construction services exports rose 1.0% (37.7% y/y) after increasing 2.6% in February. Travel services exports fell 7.1% (-3.7% y/y) and financial exports increased 0.9% (7.3% y/y). Transport exports rose 3.1% (2.4% y/y). Service imports eased 0.1% (+10.8% y/y) in March following a 0.8% gain. Maintenance & repair services declined 1.5% (+32.1% y/y) while imported transport services increased 1.2% (1.7% y/y). Imported travel services fell 2.2% (5.3% y/y) while charges for use of intellectual property rose 1.0% (13.6 y/y).

The U.S. goods trade deficit with China narrowed to a seasonally adjusted $24.8 billion in March from $26.6 billion in February. Exports to China declined 8.2% (-10.5% y/y) while imports weakened 7.2% (-2.7% y/y). The deficit with the European Union deepened to a record $48.3 billion in March from $30.9 billion in February. Exports rose 10.9% (14.5% y/y) while imports soared 34.0% (65.4% y/y). The deficit with Japan deepened to $5.8 billion from $5.2 billion in February. Exports rose 1.8% (8.8% y/y) and imports rose 6.4% (9.9% y/y).

The international trade data, including relevant data on oil prices, can be found in Haver’s **USECON** database. Detailed figures on international trade are available in the **USINT** and **USTRADE** databases. The expectations figures are from the Action Economics Forecast Survey in **AS1REPNA**.

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- Goods deficit grows as imports surge ahead of tariff imposition.
- Exports edge higher, led by autos.
- Petroleum product imports fall as crude oil prices decline.

U.S. Trade Deficit Deepens to Record in March

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Retail gasoline prices for all grades improved to an average $3.27 per gallon (-13.1% y/y) in the week ended May 5 and reversed the prior week’s easing to $3.26. Prices were $3.37 per gallon to begin the month but remained above their low of $3.13 in the week of December 9. An earlier high was $3.79 in the week ending April 22, 2024. The all-time high of $5.11 occurred in the week ending June 13, 2022. The retail price for on-highway diesel fuel eaed to $3.50 per gallon (-10.2% y/y) in the week of May 5 from $3.51 in the prior week. The latest diesel price stood well below a high of $4.63 in the week ending September 18, 2023 and a peak of $5.81 in the week ending June 20, 2022.

The price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil declined to $59.64 per barrel (-26.4% y/y) in the week ended May 2, after rising to $63.09 per barrel in the prior week. Prices remained below a high of $91.45 in the week of September 29, 2023. The cost of crude oil peaked at $120.46 in the week of June 10, 2022. Yesterday, the price was $57.13 per barrel. The price of European Brent crude oil declined to $63.50 per barrel (-25.9% y/y) in the week of May 2 from $67.92 in the previous week. Prices remained well below a recent high of $95.61 in the week of September 29, 2023 and compared to a peak of $127.40 in the week of June 10, 2022.

Natural gas prices improved to an average $3.09 per mmbtu (+88.4% y/y) in the week ended May 2, after falling to $3.00/mmbtu in the prior week. Prices remained well above a low of $1.40/mmbtu in the week of March 15, 2024 but below their peak of $9.56 in the week of August 26, 2022. Yesterday’s price was $3.26/mmbtu.

Gasoline demand rose 3.2% y/y in the four weeks ending April 25 following a 0.4% y/y decline in the prior four weeks. Demand for all petroleum products improved 0.3% y/y in the four weeks ending April 25 after a 0.4% y/y rise in the previous four-week period. Crude oil input to refineries eased 0.1% y/y in the four weeks ending April 25 after a 1.3% y/y decline in the prior four weeks.

Gasoline inventories slipped 0.7% y/y in the week ending April 25 after a 1.2% y/y rise in the week ending April 18. Residual fuel oil inventories fell 18.7% y/y in the week of April 25, after a 19.0% y/y fall in the prior week. Crude oil inventories rose 1.4% y/y in the week of April 25 after a 2.6% y/y rise in the previous week.

Measured in days’ supply, gasoline inventories fell w/w to 25.5 days in the week of April 25 from 26.4 days in the prior. The recent low was 22.9 days in the week of November 8. The supply of crude oil eased w/w to 27.9 days in the week of April 25 after three weeks at 28.3 days, and remained below a high of 31.9 days in the week of March 3, 2023.

These data are reported by the Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy. The price and supply/demand data can be found in Haver’s **WEEKLY** & **USENERGY** database.

- Gasoline prices edge higher.
- Crude oil prices decline.
- Natural gas costs rise.

U.S. Energy Prices Remain Mixed in Latest Week

Robert Brusca

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Not many respondents are showing absolute slowing. Only five this month. Only six over the last three-months on average. The median total PMI score fell to 49.7 showing contraction in April from 51.1 in March. The average fared slightly better. The 12-months to 6-months to 3-months shows a moderate but consistent slowing. The breadth of slowing is wide with 60.9% of survey respondents slowing over 3-months compared to six months.

The percentile standings show the most strength for the BRIC group with reading above 50% (that marks the median). All other groupings have standings below the 50%, mark indicating that they are below their respective medians of the last four-plus years.

Over every horizon from 12-month to 6-month to 3-month, more than 50% of the respondents show a weakening (slowing) in their PMI responses.

Among the largest economies only Italy has a composite PMI standing above its median (above 50%).

Only 9 of 24 respondents have PMI ranked percentile standings above the 50% mark. That underlines the weakness in composite conditions and the breadth of the weakness.
 
Services sectors no longer are providing the lift to offset ongoing weakness in manufacturing. The differences among countries are narrowing.

Economic conditions across countries may be narrowing for several reasons, one being that the COVID period and then the shock reaction to Russia's invasion from Ukraine put all countries on the same timeline as central banks have been leaning against the shockwaves from those 2 events. As a result of those events, inflation flared but has more recently been falling. Still, inflation continues to be over the top of targets with the European Monetary Union right now making the most progress and Japan facing more late cycle weakness with excessive inflation than other countries in the mix.  More recently aggressive tariff policy the United States has put all countries on their back foot and puts everyone on notice that the future has become a lot more uncertain. Central banks that were progressing toward rate cuts now are worried about the possibility of more inflation from tariffs or from the possibility of recession from tariffs - tariffs up the ante on uncertainty as well as on risk.  What we see in this month's PMI statistics is a gradual continued erosion as the perceived risk here is that things get steadily but slowly worse as firms, investors, and consumers began to pull in their horns and prepare for something bad to happen not knowing what that might be.

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Global Composite PMIs Erode

Tian Yong Woon

This week, we focus on trade developments between the US and major Asian economies. Early indications coming out of US-India trade talks seem encouraging, with terms such as “forward most-favoured-nation” for the US and “zero-for-zero” tariffs appearing in news reports — terms which, if enacted, would represent a significant win for the US. India stands to benefit greatly as well if key exports to the US, such as pharmaceuticals (chart 1), receive substantial tariff relief. The benefits could be strongly mutual if a deal also grants the US greater access to India’s large auto consumer market, particularly for major US electric vehicle (EV) producers, given that EV adoption in India remains at a very early stage (chart 2).

Turning to South Korea, discussions also appear to be progressing at a healthy pace, although details remain limited and ongoing domestic political challenges continue to hinder substantive breakthroughs. Nonetheless, the South Korean won has shown signs of stabilisation, while local equity markets have remained buoyant (chart 3). Recent trade data for April has also provided some investor relief, as weak exports to the US were more than offset by a strong performance in semiconductor shipments (chart 4).

In Japan, the race to secure a trade deal with the US is well underway, with automotive exports expected to be a key focal point given their significance to Japan’s economy and the US being a major export destination (chart 5). China, however, remains a notable outlier, with formal trade talks with the US not yet underway. Still, the US-China trade relationship continues to be the most closely watched, given its scale and potential impact on global growth and trade dynamics. While markets await China’s official April trade data, early indicators such as port activity already suggest a decline in bilateral trade flows (chart 6).

**US-India trade talks**
US-India trade discussions have reportedly been progressing rapidly, with both sides having already finalized in April the terms of reference for talks, setting the stage for formal negotiations. One early sign of favourable momentum is India’s possible offering of a “forward most-favoured-nation” clause to the US. This would ensure the US always receives the most favourable tariff terms, ahead of any other trade partner. If enacted, this would be a significant win for the US and a major leap forward in the US-India trade relationship. Another reported breakthrough involves India’s reported proposal of “zero-for-zero” tariffs on steel, auto components, and pharmaceuticals—offered on a reciprocal basis up to a certain quantity. If agreed, this would be mutually beneficial, especially as pharmaceuticals remain one of the US economy’s key imports from India, as shown in chart 1. On a separate note, and more recently, India’s phone exports to the US have reportedly gained prominence. With steep US tariffs on China, firms like Apple are increasingly incentivised to accelerate production shifts to India.

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Additionally, India’s proposed “zero-for-zero” tariff plan for auto parts may galvanise US access to India’s large domestic auto market, which has remained comparatively insulated due to high import tariffs. Another area to watch in the trade talks is electric vehicle (EV) imports, especially given US EV giant Tesla’s continued interest in expanding into the Indian market. That said, EV adoption in India remains in its early stages by many measures. While India has an immense middle class with future sales potential, EVs accounted for only about 2% of new cars sold in 2023, as shown in chart 2. This is well below levels seen in other Asian economies like China, or leaders in this space like Norway, where nearly all new cars sold are EVs. Challenges remain in unlocking the domestic Indian market—particularly around affordability and the underdeveloped state of EV infrastructure.

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**US-South Korea trade talks**
Discussions on the US-South Korea trade front also appear to be progressing at a steady pace, with technical talks reportedly having concluded in Washington last week. However, details remain limited, and full-scale negotiations have not yet begun. Complicating matters is South Korea’s domestic political landscape. With the country heading into a snap presidential election on June 3, Vice Industry Minister Park has said there is no chance of a comprehensive deal being reached before then. Still, both sides have committed to working toward an agreement before the expiration of Trump’s 90-day reciprocal tariff pause on July 8. In financial markets, the won continues to swing but remains above its year-to-date lows (chart 3). Meanwhile, South Korean equities have been lifted by a softening in trade rhetoric from both the US and China, as well as optimism around the US-South Korea talks.

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Turning to the hard trade data, South Korea’s more complete April numbers offered some initial relief to investors. The economy still managed to post moderate export growth, surprising many, despite a nearly 7% y/y decline in exports to the US, as shown in chart 4. One of the key drivers was semiconductors, which recorded double-digit y/y growth for the second consecutive month. However, these figures likely do not yet reflect the full initial impact of the steep mutual tariffs between the US and China. Firmer indications may emerge in the coming months. By then, though, attention will likely have shifted toward the outcome of US trade talks with key partners, as the end of its 90-day reciprocal tariff pause draws near.

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**US-Japan trade talks**
Turning to Japan, there is a sense of cautious optimism, with Japan’s chief trade negotiator Akazawa expressing hope for a US-Japan trade deal by June, following the second and most recent round of talks held in Washington last week. A key point of interest is whether Japan can negotiate an exemption from the current 25% automotive tariffs imposed by the US. This is especially significant given the importance of the US as a destination for Japanese auto exports, as shown in chart 5, and the central role the sector plays in Japan’s broader manufacturing economy. Also worth noting is a recent clarification by Japan’s Finance Minister Kato, who walked back earlier remarks and stated that Japan will not use the sale of US Treasuries as a bargaining tool. The clarification may help defuse a potential point of friction between the two sides as trade discussions continue.

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**US-China trade developments**
Turning to US-China trade developments — while progress here has lagged, this relationship remains the most closely watched, given its potentially large impact if meaningful movement occurs. Recent messaging from both sides has softened, stepping back from the fiery exchanges and tariff escalations seen earlier in April, offering some interim relief for investors. China has reportedly exempted certain US imports from tariffs, including specific pharmaceutical and industrial chemical products. However, on US-China trade talks, they remain at a very early stage, with China merely “evaluating” the prospect of negotiations with the US. This suggests we are still far from anything resembling a formal deal. Investors are now closely watching for first-round effects of US tariffs, which are expected to appear in China’s April trade numbers due later this week. Early signs point to a slowdown. For example, vessel traffic at the Los Angeles–Long Beach port remains at range lows, hinting at reduced shipments from China.

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Asia

Economic Letter from Asia: Art of the Deal

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The U.S. ISM Services PMI rose to 51.6 during April, after falling sharply to 50.8 in March from 53.5 in February, according to today’s report by the Institute for Supply Management. The reading indicated service sector expansion for the tenth consecutive month, although the rate of expansion has slowed significantly. The index hit a recent high of 55.8 in October of last year and remains below the all-time high of 67.5 in November 2021. The Action Economics Forecast Survey expected 50.2 for April.

Haver Analytics constructs a composite index combining the services index and the manufacturing index released on Thursday. This index rose to 51.2 in Apri from 50.6 in March. The latest figure remains above its June low of 49.1.

Amongst the services component series, the employment index led last month’s improvement in the overall index. It rose to 49.0 after falling sharply to 46.2 in March. Higher employment was reported by a slightly improved 14.6% (NSA) of respondents while a lessened 16.4% reported a decline. The new orders index rose to 52.3 after falling to 50.4 in March. A higher 22.4% (NSA) of respondents reported a rise in orders while a lessened 15.3% reported a decline. Reporting slower delivery speeds, the supplier delivery series edged up to 51.3 in April after falling to 50.6 in March. Working lower, the business activity series declined to 53.7 after rising to 55.9 in March. A higher 26.2% (NSA) of respondents reported improved activity while a lessened 14.0% reported deterioration.

On the inflation front, the prices index surged to 68.9 in April after easing to 62.8 in March. A greatly increased 39.6% (NSA) of respondents reported higher prices while a lessened 1.9% reported lower prices. The index was increased from its December 2022 low 53.1 and stood at its highest level since October 2022.

Additionally, the new export orders index increased to 48.6 (NSA) in April following a decline to 45.8 in March from 52.1 in February. Just 14.8% of survey respondents reported higher exports while an increased 17.7% reported a decline. The imports index plummeted to 44.3 last month from 52.6 in March. A greatly lessened 4.7% of respondents reported higher imports while a doubled 16.2% reported a decline. The inventory change index jumped to 53.4, a six-month high. The order backlog index edged up to 48.0 in April after falling sharply to 47.4 in March. A lessened 12.2% of respondents reported higher backlogs while a fewer 16.2% reported a decline. These series are not seasonally adjusted and not included in the ISM Services PMI total.

The ISM Services PMI is a composite index consisting of four equally weighted diffusion indexes: Business Activity, New Orders, Employment, and Supplier Deliveries. A reading above 50 indicates expansion in the services sector, while below 50 suggests	 contraction. Supplier Deliveries is the only ISM index that is inversed; a reading above 50 indicates slower deliveries. The ISM figures are available in Haver's **USECON** database, with additional detail in the **SURVEYS** database. The expectations figure from Action Economics is in the **AS1REPNA** database.

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- Total index remains near nine-month low.
- Employment, new orders & supplier deliveries edge up. Business activity weakens. 
- Prices Index strengthens to roughly two-year high.

U.S. ISM Services PMI Edges Higher in April; Prices Strengthen

Economy in Brief: June 2021

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