Haver Analytics
Haver Analytics

Introducing

Robert Brusca

Robert A. Brusca is Chief Economist of Fact and Opinion Economics, a consulting firm he founded in Manhattan. He has been an economist on Wall Street for over 25 years. He has visited central banking and large institutional clients in over 30 countries in his career as an economist. Mr. Brusca was a Divisional Research Chief at the Federal Reserve Bank of NY (Chief of the International Financial markets Division), a Fed Watcher at Irving Trust and Chief Economist at Nikko Securities International. He is widely quoted and appears in various media.   Mr. Brusca holds an MA and Ph.D. in economics from Michigan State University and a BA in Economics from the University of Michigan. His research pursues his strong interests in non aligned policy economics as well as international economics. FAO Economics’ research targets investors to assist them in making better investment decisions in stocks, bonds and in a variety of international assets. The company does not manage money and has no conflicts in giving economic advice.

Publications by Robert Brusca

  • Canada
    | May 15 2026

    Canadian Industry Perks Up

    Industrial orders in Canada are back on an expansion path with orders growing 4.7% in March on top of a 6.9% gain in February. These statistics chronicle Canadian orders digging out from a hole they fell into early in 2026. Now the data show emerging sequential growth in Canadian orders, which are advancing 3.6% over 12 months at a 14.9% annual rate over six-months, and a 26.7% annual rate over three-months. Still, on the chart that plots the year-over-year growth rates these recent accelerated rates of growth appear as mere recoveries from what had been earlier weakness. It remains to be seen how much acceleration the Canadian economy will actually undergo.

    Unfilled orders expanded in March for the second month in a row, growing 2.4% after growing 1.4% in February once again following the recovery theme.

    Manufacturing shipments grew by 3% in March after growing 3.4% in February and after dropping sharply in January - again echoing the recovery theme. Durable goods show two months of increases with the March increase weak after a very strong rise in February. Motor vehicle output recovered very strongly in February, after falling at a 37.1% annual rate in January; motor vehicle output is up by 15% in March, a hefty growth rate but short of what was posted in February. Once again, we see an echo of the theme of recovery. However, shipments of durable goods excluding motor vehicles are less robust, after dropping 1.8% in January output rose by 3.8% in February and has fallen back, dropping by 1.1% in March, a small fly in the ointment of this recovery theme for Canada. And nondurable goods shipments saw a small increase in January of 0.2%, a flat February, and now an extremely strong, 5.6% month-to-month gain in March.

    Canada's sequential growth rates are on the verge of showing broad acceleration. Orders clearly do accelerate from 12-months to six-months to three-months. Unfilled orders, however, accelerate over six-months compared to 12-months and then take a small step back over three-months to an annualized growth rate of 13.4% - a very small step back that is still far above the 12-month growth pace. Manufacturing shipments, too, show a small flaw in acceleration as the 6-month pace dips ever so slightly before logging a very strong 3-month pace. Durable goods then are an exception to the acceleration theme; however, nondurable goods get back on board with the strong acceleration move.

    Rankings The rank standings for these categories are based on annual growth rates and comparison with data extend back approximately 25 years. Orders have a 58-percentile standing, unfilled orders have a 57-percentile standing, while manufacturing shipments have a 62-percentile standing. Shipments for durable goods durables excluding motor vehicles and from motor vehicles as a stand-alone have rankings in their 30th- to 40th-percentiles, below their historic medians. (medians occur at a ranking of 50). However, nondurables have an extremely strong 80.5 percentile standing. The data are consistent, the recovery and progress with the exception that durable goods shipments that are not fully on board and languish below their historic median results. Ranking the data over six-month growth rates improves the results somewhat and brings motor vehicles on board for a growth rate that is above its historic median.

    Signs of improvement Goods-based industry shows signs of picking up even in March as oil prices were rising and industry was facing greater challenges. The US industrial production report for April, similarly, shows acceleration across the board, even as the economy continued to deal with the difficulties of rising oil prices. Of course, the Canadian US economies are closely linked; we would expect the manufacturing sectors to be performing with some degree of synchronization. However, there's no reason to be complacent about the outlook. Oil prices have continued to rise, the challenge to consumers is strong and across all countries. In the US special tax cuts enacted last year, which went into effect earlier this year, have helped to deliver extra money to consumers that have helped them deal with the oil price shock. But these were funds that were supposed to help stimulate the economy to higher growth and were planned by the President to help him with midterm elections coming later in the year. The US economy still has to deal with those realities with sharply divided political reality as well.

    Outlook The US acrimony with Canada has taken a back burner for a while. And as that has happened the Canadian economy has come back to life. However, Canada still has some problems with inflation although it also has a broader inflation target to accommodate some flexibility. And the prospect for more inflation because of global oil prices continues to hang in the balance. The results for March are encouraging but certainly not definitive. Canada has mounted a nice recovery after a period of difficulty earlier in the year but it's still hard to say what comes next.

  • United Kingdom
    | May 14 2026

    UK Q1 GDP Growth Steps Up

    UK GDP grew by 2.5% in 2026-Q1. GDP growth quarterly was last this strong in 2024-Q2 and last stronger in 2024-Q1. This is the strongest quarterly growth in about two years. Private consumption surged in 2026-Q1, rising at a 2.4% annual rate. Capital formation and housing each backed off in the last two quarters. This is the opposite form the US where investment is strongly pushing growth ahead.

    On the international side of the ledger, UK exports rose at a 0.4% annualized rate in the quarter while imports rose by a strong 2.6% annual rate, still, viewed on its own, domestic demand rose at a 3.2% annual rate.

    Domestic demand growth has picked up to over 1% at 1.5% on a year-over-year basis. That is a good development. However, it is still a weak showing. Over the last 26 years domestic demand’s Year-on-year gain ranks at its 30th-percentiel; it has been weaker than this only about 30% of the time. But over the last nearly four-years the 1.5% gain is just below its median. This gives some indication of how weak growth has been in the post-Covid period. The UK was still in a post Brexit environment, when it had to deal with Covid, the invasion of Ukraine, and now the Middle East. At the same time, it has had a considerable amount of its own political turmoil and still does.

    The chart above shows the snake crawl of GDP that continues to depict growth in the EMU area. That is a continuing weak environment- one of the UK’s important export markets. Europe’s fixation on social welfare spending and the need to tax to pay for it has robbed the economy of its dynamism. Still, both the UK and the Euro-Area continue to have lingering inflation issues. And both show current inflation in an upswing.

    Central bankers' inflation and growth Central banks are playing a waiting game, the best that they can. Major money center country central banks have been consistently overshooting their inflation targets since Covid. And despite excess inflation banks have been reluctant to hike rates and have instead pursued a strategy of persisting slow rate reduction. It has been a curious period in which central banks have kept their inflation target goals but simply have been content to miss their targets in the short run and promise to thit them in the long run. This is clearly a policy of only temporary usefulness because it is bound to blow up, the longer inflation fails to be controlled at its targeted pace. For now, UK interest rates remain higher than in Europe, closer to the level in the US and with a monetary policy committee that seems determined to stop the overshoot as oil prices flare. We’ll see if the BOE MPC members are really ready to pull the trigger on higher rates as UK GDP growth looks firmer.

  • Industrial production in the European monetary area in March rose by 0.2%. Manufacturing output rose by 0.4%, marking two-months in a row of output increases. Output is still falling overall and in manufacturing over three months. Over three-months total manufacturing output excluding construction falls 2.7% annualized, over 6-months, it falls at a 0.4% annual rate, and over three-months the pace of decline steps back up again to -1.2% at an annual rate. The declines in manufacturing are more or less along the same lines.

    Sectors Output of consumer goods fell in March, driven by a decline in the output of nondurable goods that fell 4.5% month-to-month. Intermediate goods output rose by 0.9% in the month, increasing for the second month in a row. Capital goods output rose 1.1% after rising 0.8% in February.

    Sequential growth However sequential growth rates find headline growth negative over 12-months, six-months, and three-months- the same as for manufacturing. Consumer goods output declines at an accelerating pace dropping 11.6% over 12-months, at a 13.6% annual rate over six-months and at a 24.9% annual-rate over three-months. Those declines are led by reduction in consumer nondurables output. Intermediate goods output is mostly weak over the horizon, falling by 1.5% over 12-months and by 0.9% over 3 months annualized. The exception is capital goods sector where output rises by 2.2% over 12 months and accelerates to 4.6% over 6-months but then tails back, trimming growth to a 1.2% annual rate over three-months.

    Country Performance On a country basis declines occur in only two early-reporting members; those are Malta and Germany in March. Over three months output declines in the monetary area occurs in Ireland and Luxembourg and in Germany- with increases elsewhere. Output declines over 12-months, six-months, and three-months in the monetary area only for Germany, Luxembourg, and Ireland. There are consistent output increases in the monetary union in Austria, France, Finland, Italy, Greece, and Portugal. For most countries, increasing output is the rule despite the weak headlines, indicating that large economies are faring worse than smaller economies.

    Q1 Growth In the completed first quarter, we have manufacturing output falling by 1.8% at an annual rate and overall output falling at a 1.9% annual rate. Output declines in the quarter and in all major sectors. As for country reporters output falls in the quarter for Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, and Ireland.

    Growth rate rankings So, the percentile queue standings presented in the right-hand column are rankings of industrial production growth rates over 12-months. Compared to recent history, overall output has a 17-percentile standing which is relatively weak, in the lower one-fifth of its ranked results over the period (back to 2006). Only capital goods output at 52.5% has a standing above the 50% level which places it above its median result for the period. Among reporting countries seven have percentile standings above 50%, above their respective medians. The countries where output does not grow at a pace in excess of its median are Germany, Luxembourg, Malta, and Ireland.

    On balance the smaller countries seem to be faring better in the European monetary union. The last two months have been relatively good months for output across the union; however, January had been so weak that the two months have not been able to recover from the weakness experienced in January. And the March data hardly reflect the hardships that are going to be visiting these economies because of the rise in oil prices and concerns about the situation in Iran and the strait of Hormuz. The future is unlikely to get better.

  • Retail sales in the European monetary area fell in March by 0.1%, continuing a streak of declines in retail sales volumes since the beginning of 2026. Motor vehicle sales, however, as a separate category, showed recovery in registrations and sales from January to February to March.

    Among six early reporting monetary union and other European countries, Germany and Norway showed sales declines in March, while Denmark, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Sweden recorded month to month increases. However, these March data belie the weakness in February, when sales declined month-to-month in all six of these areas. Prior to that, January sales had increased month-to-month in all these countries except Germany; Germany posted a 1.1% decline in retail sales in January.

    Sequential trends Sequential trends for these countries show that retail sales in Germany have been slipping more rapidly, falling 2% over 12 months, at a 3.9% annual rate of decline over six months, and at an accelerated 13.1% annual rate of decline over three months. Norway also has seen increasing weakness in retail sales, rising by 0.9% over 12 months, gaining at only a 0.4% annual rate over six months, and then falling at a 1.2% annual rate over three months. However, Denmark, the Netherlands, the U.K., and Sweden each show retail sales accelerating from their 12-month growth rate to their six-month growth rate and to their three-month growth rate. Only the Netherlands is an EMU member country. These data pool together monetary union and non-monetary union countries.

    Looking at the headline for the monetary union, we see sales are clearly slipping and decelerating, with total sales volume up 1.1% over 12 months, up at a 0.2% annual rate over six months, and then falling at a 1.9% annual rate over three months. Sales in the monetary union are weak and getting weaker.

    In the quarter-to-date (the now-completed first quarter), monetary union sales fell by 0.5% at an annual rate. Among the other countries in the table, only Germany—the largest economy in the monetary union—shows a quarterly decline at a 4.3% annual rate. All the other reporters in the table show increases, ranging from 0.1% at an annual rate in Norway to a 6.3% annual rate in the United Kingdom.

    Looking at the sales gains back to January 2020, before COVID, in the euro area total retail sales volume is up by 6.3% over that broad period. U.K. sales volumes are actually lower by 0.6% over that same span. Germany, the largest euro area economy, shows a 2% increase since January 2020, implying a very slow gain for retail sales over that period. The strongest gains since January 2020 are logged by Denmark, with a 12% gain, followed by the Netherlands with a 6.4% gain and Sweden with a 5.6% gain. Since we're looking at a broad six-year period, on that time horizon these are all relatively weak numbers, with the exception of Denmark.

    Activity in the monetary union has been weak, with the service sector having been quite weak during the period since COVID ended—especially on the back of the invasion of Ukraine by Russia. Recently, manufacturing and goods sector data have shown a little bit of life, even as service sector data continue to be very touch and go. We see that again in this retail sales report. Now oil prices are jumping, and there is a new ‘hot’ situation in the Middle East; the Strait of Hormuz is showing either impeded or shuttered traffic conditions. The outlook remains very uncertain. Consumer confidence measures continue to show consumers as somewhat off balance and concerned about circumstances and the outlook. This means we'll continue to watch all these trends closely. In the meantime, these retail sales trends indicate caution on the part of consumers as to their willingness to spend—even though they appear to have opened their pocketbooks to spend on vehicles in recent months and even sequentially. In context, the rebound in auto sales still leaves total vehicle registrations 5% lower than they were in January 2020—six years ago. There is nothing there to indicate that the consumer is out of the woods and back to normal.

  • You may recognize the excerpted headline quote as ‘borrowing’ from U.S. Admiral David Farragut. It is a famous quote from a U.S. Civil war battle in which he charged ahead in his ship regardless of the risk. This month the global manufacturing PMIs themselves are charging ahead regardless of the rise of inflation, the war in Ukraine, the war in Iran, the closure or impedance in the Strait of Hormuz, and the mucking up of oil and nonoil supply lines. Full speed ahead!

    Trend... The chart shows an ongoing recovery in manufacturing. It also shows that conditions are only ‘better’ and not ‘strong.’ Yet when we rank these individual PMIs against their historic results back to January 2022, the median rank across these 18 reporters is 90.8%, signaling that they have been higher less than 10% of the time back to 2022. Of course, 2022-2023 represented low points for manufacturing after COVID. There was a strong recovery from COVID and then the sucker-punch from the invasion of Ukraine by Russia. Nonetheless, on that timeline, recovery is still in progress and—so far—not even the war in the Middle East and other geopolitical turmoil, including a real donnybrook within NATO, has sidetracked it, despite the impact on oil prices. That may not last, but it is the current situation.

    A test for central banks With inflation rising, central banks are being put to the test. They failed the post-COVID test and waited too long to hike rates. We did get recovery but inflation, too. Will they do that again? Or will they hike rates sooner? Will they try not to make the same mistake and make, instead, a new mistake by getting too tight too soon? Markets simply do not know. But in the U.S. and U.K., there are five years of missing monetary inflation targets, and in other key countries the inflation targets also have been broadly missed, even if headline inflation recently had dipped into the target range in the last few months or so. Central banks are facing a challenge after their last challenge was not met with success and after a relatively long period—a solid legacy—of missing on the promises they made to the public on inflation.

    Solid PMI trends: The sequential, as well as the current, monthly data show how widespread change has been tilted in a positive direction. While conditions are broadly better, the current month’s median reading is only at a PMI value of 52.4. So, manufacturing conditions are only slightly above breakeven (a PMI of 50), but they have been weak for so long that this is an exceptionally strong reading compared to the last four and half years of results.

    Some examples: The weak manufacturing readings on the month by ranking are for Turkey, Russia, India, and Indonesia. However, these are own-PMI comparisons, and India is one of the strongest readings in April on a cross-section basis (compared to other countries in April, rather than to its own history) having the third strongest manufacturing reading in April. Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan each have the strongest readings (or nearly so) since January 2022; as a result, Taiwan and Japan also rank one and two among 19 reporter readings in April. South Korea ranks sixth. But Malaysia has been so weak; it still ranks only 11th despite a 99.2% high-low standing.

    In Sum: The bottom line is that recovery has not been derailed—yet. But this is only an April report. Given time, this rebound could be untracked. It is only a rebound from the lows. So, the expansion is still at risk, even with global labor markets still tight based on unemployment readings. Economic growth is a slippery slope; the trend is only your friend until it turns on you.

  • Europe
    | May 01 2026

    GDP Remains Weak in EMU

    GDP growth in Europe in the first quarter of 2026 continued to be weak. First-quarter annualized growth at 0.6% followed a fourth-quarter annualized growth rate at 0.8%. Year-over-year growth in the monetary union logged a 0.8% annual rate; that represents a slowdown from earlier quarters where the growth rates were generally above 1% and more on the order of 1.5% at an annual rate.

    Early GDP reporters in EMU Among the 8 early reporters of GDP in the first quarter, in the table, only three posted growth pickups compared to the previous quarter. Those were Belgium, with a growth rate in the first quarter annualized at 0.8%, up from 0.2% in Q4 2025; Germany, where the growth rate picked up to 1.3% in the first quarter from 1.0% in Q4; and Ireland, with a dubious acceleration of growth to a -7.8% annualized rate, improving from -14.5% annualized in Q4.

    Big country, small country The table also looks at growth divided into the four largest economies in the monetary union versus the rest of the monetary union. There we see a growth rate of 1% for the four largest economies, a slowdown from 1.3% in the fourth quarter. For the rest of the monetary union, the growth rate held at 0.5% in the first quarter, the same rate logged in the fourth quarter.

    Median growth The median growth rate among these reporters was 0.6%, the same as for the weighted growth rate in the EMU, while the median in the fourth quarter was 1.5% compared to a weighted growth rate for the monetary union at 0.8%.

    Ranking the growth rates vs. their own histories The ranking data on the far-right column rank growth in the first quarter on its year-over-year growth pace. On a historic profile, we see only three monetary union reporters with growth in the first quarter at a rate that exceeds median on data back to the 1990s. Those economies are Italy with a 52.2 percentile ranking, Spain with a 53.3 percentile ranking, and Portugal with a 65.2 percentile ranking. For the monetary union as a whole, the growth rate rank is 28.3%, placing it at a ranking between its lower 1/4 and lower 1/3. The median for the monetary union among these early reporting countries is a 32.6 percentile growth rate, and these compared to the United States where the growth rate has a 60.2 percentile standing.

    Other data sources report that growth in the services sector has been extremely weak, while there actually has been some resilience in manufacturing. That is somewhat surprising given the Middle East War that affects the world trade and global supply chains. New disruptions because of war in the Middle East are a new fact of life. However, war itself sometimes is a stimulant to some forms of growth. These sector trends will be for us to watch, but for right now growth rates are not impressive and they're certainly not gaining momentum.

  • Unemployment rates are stable near all-time lows for EMU Unemployment rates in the European Monetary Union (EMU) continued to hover at the lowest level. The EMU all-time low unemployment rate is 6.2%, and that’s the number reported for March. There have been five of these 6.2% unemployment rates monthly in the history of the monetary union.

    Unemployment rates in March saw declines in five of the 12 early reporting countries: the Netherlands, Italy, Finland, Belgium, and Austria. Over the last three months, there were net declines in the unemployment rates in four countries, while year-over-year once again four countries—though a different four—showed declines in the unemployment rate.

    Unemployment rates, evaluated relative to their historic standings, have a median rank standing in their 33.6 percentile. That is the median unemployment rank among these 12 countries; it shows that the unemployment rate is in the lower one-third of its historic rank. Among the 12 early reporting countries, only three failed to have unemployment rate rankings below their 30th percentile; those three are Austria with a 71.3 percentile ranking, Finland with an 80th percentile ranking, and Luxembourg with a 98.8 percentile ranking. So, there are three countries among these 12 that have relatively high unemployment rates compared to their histories, whereas the rest of the reporters have unemployment rates below their respective 30th percentiles.

  • Globally, money supplies are accelerating. Three- and six-month money growth rates equal or exceed the year-on-year pace everywhere, and the 12-month growth rates accelerate over the recent 12 months compared to the 12-month pace of one year ago—except for the United Kingdom, where data lag by one month. This deviation may amount to the lack of topicality since money, credit, and inflation all are caught in an updraft prompted by rising oil prices. The oil price (Brent) is up at a 468% annual rate over three months, and over 12 months the oil price is up by 31.7%, compared to a 5.5% rise over 12 months one-year ago.

    Rising oil prices do NOT create inflation Now we all know that rising oil prices do not create inflation. So, thankfully, the 468% rise in oil prices is not driving up the inflation rate. But unfortunately, it is helping to drive up the price level. So, we are drawing a distinction between the price level and the inflation rate.

    The year-over-year change in a price metric, like the CPI, is just that: the year-on-year gain. We often refer to this as ‘THE’ inflation rate. But that is only if the price level was at—and continued to rise at (about)—that same pace. Inflation is an ongoing rise in the price level. No one in their right mind thinks oil prices are going to rise by 468% year-over-year persistently. But of course, oil is a cost to producers and a price to consumers. It is a price that must be paid and cost that must be borne. The question is how much this bump-up in oil prices will contribute to the prices of the items we track in our various national price indexes in the future. Here I will refer to the CPI as the price index. And then we ask if that one-time rise in the relative price of oil will continue to bump up prices by the same amount month-after-month in the future. If it is, it is creating inflation. If not, it is creating a realignment of relative prices. The rise in relative prices is real. It may be painful to some and remunerative to others. The effects are complex.

    But the spike in oil prices is not inflation. Even though we are tracking an unknown price rise that is continuing to waffle, I will speak of it as though we know the ultimate rise and speak of that as a one-time surge.

    Expressed in this way, you should be able to see the oil price spurt as painful and as something that may be a temporary boost to inflation. If the price stays high, it will boost the price level based on the pass-through by commodity. After the oil price spurt, prices may be higher, but inflation will go back to ‘where it was.’

    But all that happens if and only if monetary policy does not accommodate—does not monetize—the rise in oil prices. Unfortunately, we see money supplies are accelerating. Central banks have stepped up their rate of printing money as oil prices have risen, in order to stabilize interest rates. Printing more money, or increasing the money stock faster, is inflationary.

  • Early PPI reports in the monetary union show collective pressures building over the past year, with newly emergent pressures popping up strongly in March.

    The sequence of monthly inflation observations for these five early reporters in March shows that inflation pressure has not been clearly building but did jump up suddenly in March. In February, before the Iran war, the median monthly PPI gain was -0.5%. In March, that jumped to +3.9% (median month-to-month gain). Monthly pressure does not show steady gains anywhere except moderately in Germany. Finland shows deceleration in progress (!) even through—especially through—March, as its PPI in March fell by 5.3%. But the whole Finish pattern is somewhat upside down, with prices up month-to-month by 6.2% in January and 2.9% in February. It is not a trend that is easy to understand.

    However, the March monthly gains are strong enough to drive sequential inflation higher from 12-months, to 6-months, to 3-months across all early-reporting countries. Even the German ex-energy index shows acceleration on that profile.

    On a year-on-year basis, two of the early reporters have PPI inflation below 2%. Finland has 12-month PPI inflation at 2.1%, but Italy and Spain have inflation much higher, up by 3.4% over 12 months in Spain and by 5.6% in Italy.

    The PPI has been very well-behaved in the last few years. Looking at 12-month changes for the year ended in March, the median change for this group in 2025 was -0.1%, compared to -4.6% in 2024.

    The chart shows the PPI flared sharply in 2021 and 2022, then fell quickly into line in 2023. Clearly, the inflation tune now is being called by oil prices, the same as for that spike prices in 2022 and 2023.

    The hope is that the oil price bump up will not be as long-lived, that the war will end soon, with the Strait of Hormuz reopened, and that oil prices—and other inflation pressures—will sink back to prerevision norms relatively quickly. That could happen, but so could other outcomes so markets remain wary. One problem this time is the destruction of oil facilities and the shutting of oil fields that could cause high prices to linger longer.

  • The Distributive Trades Survey

    The U.K. Distributive Trades Survey for April 2026 and the look-ahead expectation readings for May paint an extremely soured outlook for the U.K. economy.

    Retail ranking: Surveys for retail sales compared to a year ago, orders compared to a year ago, and sales evaluated for the time of year all have rankings near zero, which is the worst result on this timeline. This zero distinction applies to retail sales compared to a year ago. The best ranking is 11.6%; that is for sales evaluated for the time of year. Orders compared to a year ago have a 4.2 percentile standing. The stock-to-sales ratio—which is a completely different concept—shows that the inventory-to-sales ratio has a 29.9 percentile standing.

    Retail diffusion: The raw April diffusion readings (up minus down diffusion) show that sales compared to a year ago slipped to a reading of -68 in April from -52 in March. Orders fell to -46 in April from -26 in March. Sales evaluated for the time of year fell to -32 April from -23 in March. All three measures weakened, and all three weakened decisively, resulting in extremely weak rankings. All of the rankings are executed on data back to 2002.

    Expectations for retailing: The expectations readings for May show slippage again across all three metrics: expected sales compared to a year ago, expected orders compared to a year ago, and expected sales for the time of year. Expected sales compared to a year ago fell to -60 in May from -49 in April. Orders compared to a year ago declined to -45 in May from -30 in April, and sales for the time of year slipped to -43 from -19. In May, these readings have rankings in a 0.4 percentile standing for sales compared to a year ago, a 1.8 percentile standing for sales evaluated relative to the time of year, and a 4.6 percentile standing for orders compared to a year ago. These two panels on current and expected retail sales volumes are just simply terrible: weak monthly, weak in ranking terms, and showing slipping momentum.

    The distributor trade series also provides data on the wholesale sector. While the wholesale sector is not quite as beat up as the retail sector, it's still extremely weak. There is no cause for any kind of hope that things are getting better based on wholesaling trends.

    Wholesaling: The wholesale survey for sales compared to a year ago edged lower to -32 in April from -31 in March. Orders compared to a year ago remained at a reading of -41 in April. Sales evaluated for the time of year improved to a reading of -20 in April from -39 in March—a significant step up, but still very weak. The percentile standings for these three categories show sales compared to a year ago at the 8.8 percentile, orders compared to a year ago at the 5.6 percentile, and sales evaluated for the time of year at the 14.8 percentile.

    Wholesale Expectations: The look-ahead observations, which provide expectations for wholesaling in May, show a similar constellation of readings, with sales compared to a year ago falling to -37 in May from -27 in April and orders compared to a year ago falling to -42 from -38, while sales evaluated for the time of year improved to 16 from 37. That category for wholesale sales improved both in April in real time and in May for expectations; however, it continues to have a very weak percentile standing, at the 17.9 percentile in May, while sales for a year ago have a 6.7 percentile standing and orders for a year ago have a 6.0 percentile standing.

  • Germany
    | Apr 24 2026

    German Ifo Plunges Everywhere

    The onset of the war in Iran appears to have hit the German economy extremely hard as the Ifo survey shows very substantial and broad-based decline across its survey in April. The Ifo survey features readings for five sectors as well as an aggregate reading, and it surveys them for climate, current conditions, and expectations. The decline in the Ifo survey is present for all three concepts and across all five sectors, marking the weakening in April as a highly significant and extremely disturbing development. Only manufacturing in the current conditions survey escapes a month-to-month decline.

    The Ifo sequences: The climate reading fell both overall and across each of the five sectors. Current conditions declined for the overall and for four of the five sectors, with manufacturing the sole exception. Expectations declined for the overall and for all sectors. Several of the sector declines were for a very substantial magnitude, especially when compared to historic changes in these indexes.

    Monthly changes in readings—severe broad deterioration The month-to-month change in the climate reading has weakened more month-to-month 19% of the time. That overall result, however, is boosted by manufacturing where the monthly change has been weaker 35% of the time (on data back to 2011). However, all other sectors have seen climate weaker m/m only 2.3% to 6.3% of the time! The current situation readings weakened, with the headline weakening more m/m 11% of the time. This was boosted by manufacturing, the only sector that improved on the month; its ranking on change was in its 85th percentile—quite good and truly stand-alone good news. The other current changes by sector ranged from construction being weaker 1.7% of the time, to retailing that has been weaker about 30% of the time in terms of m/m changes. Expectation changes were uniformly terrible, with the headline drop weaker only 6.3% of the time and sector change month-to-month weaker between 9% and 1.7% of the time. The monthly weakening was uniform and substantial. I document it with these calculations, but you can also see it on the chart above.

    Climate: The bottom line is that the all-sector index for climate fell to -20.3 in April from -18 in March, placing it at a 10.5 percentile standing on data since 1993. The sector ranking is the highest for construction with a 42.2 percentile standing and the weakness for services at a 1.1 percentile standing—weaker than the table reading nearly 99% of the time. In terms of percentile standing levels or monthly changes, conditions are closing in on grim.

    Current conditions: Current conditions saw the all-sector index slip to -5.3 in April from -2.4 in March. The headline ranking stands at a 9.8 percentile mark, making it—like the climate reading—weaker than its current reading only about 10% of the time. The strongest reading under current conditions is for construction which has a 60.6 percentile standing; it is the only ranking in the table above its historic median. Manufacturing, the only sector in the survey that improved month-to-month, has a 22.5 percentile standing, while services record the weakest percentile standing under current conditions, at an 8.4 percentile standing.

    Expectations: The all-sector index for expectations fell to -25.3 in April from -19.9 in March, placing it at a 6.3 percentile standing. The percentile standings across sectors range from a high of 9.5% for manufacturing to a low of 1.5% for retailing. Up until earlier this year, the Ifo was showing signs of improvement; however, all of that has simply collapsed in the last month. Weakness is across economic concepts and sectors, as documented above. For reference, the table also gives a separate set of rankings on where the various indexes stand since the invasion of Ukraine, since that was another marked event that drove the index, that had been improving after Covid, down to lower levels. Ranked even on this reduced scale looking at conditions only since the invasion of Ukraine, when conditions have generally been weaker, the current rankings across the Ifo survey remained extremely weak. This is a very disturbing survey for the German economy.

  • Global| Apr 23 2026

    S&P PMIs Show Mixed Fortunes

    Manufacturing looks strong while service sectors weaken S&P's April flash PMI readings show some very mixed results. For the United States, India, Australia, and the United Kingdom, there is a strengthening in the readings month-to-month for services, manufacturing, and the composite.

    For Japan, France, and the European Monetary Union as a whole, there is improvement in the manufacturing sector on the month but a weaker services reading and a weaker composite overall.

    Germany is the only responding area in the table showing weakness all around—in all three sectors—a weaker composite, a weaker manufacturing sector, and a weaker services sector in April. For Germany, this follows a weaker composite and service sector in March as well.

    Most reporters—France, the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, and India—had weaker readings for all three metrics in March: the composite, services, and manufacturing. The March exceptions were the United States, Germany, and the European Monetary Union; in each case, the exception was that the manufacturing sector improved month-to-month, while the composite and services both weakened.

    This has been a period of weakening—in March and April—since the war in Iran began. The 48 separate sector readings produced 30 readings that were weaker month-to-month in March and April. Among the 16 composite readings, 12 reported weaker conditions month-to-month. In March, the immediate aftermath of the outbreak of war brought instantaneous step backs across the PMI readings, while April, responding to at least a military success in the area, has shown a significant bounce back that is now more common than further weakness.

    The sequential data over three months, six months, and 12 months are based only on completed data; therefore, they're up to date through March. On that basis, we have triple sector weakness in the U.S., India, and Australia, with only Japan and the United Kingdom showing triple-sector improvement over three months. However, if we look at six months compared to 12 months, we have triple sector strength in the Monetary Union, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Australia. India and the U.S. each show only one stronger sector over that comparison—services in India’s case and manufacturing in the U.S. case.

    Ranking Peculiarity The ranking data take the current flash data and compare them to the history of observations back to January 2022. What is quite surprising is that, on that timeline, the manufacturing sectors of all the countries in the table—except for Australia and India—show manufacturing standings in their respective 80th to 90th percentiles. Meanwhile, services standings are typically in the 30th percentile or lower.

    Odd Impact of War If the war in Iran has an impact on something, we would expect that to fall on the goods trade sector. We would expect this to have an impact on manufacturing although it's the opposite thing that's happening. Manufacturing is showing a revival, while services sectors are showing weaker performance across these countries generally. India is an interesting case, with manufacturing only in its 32nd percentile; however, India’s raw diffusion reading for manufacturing is the strongest raw diffusion reading in the table. What India's ranking is telling us is that India had been extremely strong over the period since 2022, and now compared to that past standard, it's relatively weaker. However, it's still strong in absolute terms, showing a great deal of strength based on its pure diffusion value, just not in comparison to historic performance.